Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Childrens health also benefits from regular football participation. All authors declare that they have no competing interests regarding the aims of the study. Harmon KG. Br J Sports Med. Usefulness of emergency medical teams in sport stadiums. FIFA Sudden Death Registry (FIFA-SDR): a prospective, observational study of sudden death in worldwide football from 2014 to 2018. Nolan JP, Soar J, Zideman DA, et al. Hosokawa Y, Murata Y, Stearns RL, et al. 2021 Mar 9;7(1):e001006. AED legislation. Cardiac events in football and strategies for first-responder treatment on the field. Where views/opinions are expressed, they are those of the author(s) and not of Radcliffe Medical Media. From 2014 to 2018 cases of sudden cardiac death (SCD), survived sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and traumatic sudden death were recorded by media monitoring (Meltwater), a confidential web-based data platform and data synchronisation with existing national Sudden Death Registries (n=16). FIFA Sudden Death Registry (FIFA-SDR): a Prospective, Observational Study of Sudden Death in Worldwide Football From 2014 to 2018. Malhotra A, Dhutia H, Gati S, et al. To find out how many deaths actually occurred during the last two decades among FIFA players (2001-2020), they used Wikipedia List of association footballers who died while playing. out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, Disclosure:MFM is the Director of Inadea (National Institute of Arrhythmias). However, the risk of SCA remains elevated in athletes despite the implementation of cardiac screening due to the presence of false-negative ECG screens, hidden structural cardiomyopathies, ion channel disorders, commotio cordis and acute myocarditis, among others.46,47 This further supports the on-site placement of AEDs in stadiums. Sudden cardiac death in the soccer field: a retrospective study in young soccer players from 2000 to 2013. eCollection 2021. Collated from a twitter thread by Yaffa Shir-Raz, The Israeli "Real-Time News" reports: Breaking news: 500% increase in deaths - SCD/SUD of FIFA players in 2021. Prospective Countywide Surveillance and Autopsy Characterization of Sudden Cardiac Death: POST SCD Study. Egger F, Scharhag J, Kstner A, Dvok J, Bohm P, Meyer T. Br J Sports Med. DP - Unbound Medicine Careers. Assuming FIFA has not changed significantly in twenty years, we can expect about 5 deaths a year.. The most important determinant in SCA survival is time to defibrillation, which outside of a hospital can be done via an automatic external defibrillator (AED).8 Evidence has shown the effectiveness of rapid defibrillation in stadiums and sports clubs globally.3,7,911 However, many sports stadiums vary in the presence, location and implementation of AED protocols, possibly leading to a poor emergency response.12,13 Gathering information about this problem could help to identify global solutions to improve AED usage in professional sports stadiums, ultimately leading to improved safety for both athletes and spectators. Sudden cardiac death: a nationwide cohort study among the young. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 2016 Mar 8;133(10):1006-26. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020254. Bookshelf Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death registries: a systematic review of global coverage. Results: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation alone vs. cardiopulmonary resuscitation plus automated external defibrillator use by non-healthcare professionals: a meta-analysis on 1583 cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The .gov means its official. Additionally, FIFA has (1) sponsored internationally accepted guidelines for the interpretation of an athlete's ECG, (2) developed field-of-play-specific protocols for the recognition, response, resuscitation and removal of a football player having sudden cardiac arrest and (3) introduced and distributed the FIFA medical emergency bag which has already resulted in the successful resuscitation of a football player who had a sudden cardiac arrest on the field-of-play. 10.1007/s00246-011-0085-7 Solving the Reach Problem: A Review of Present and Future Approaches for. Prevention of Sudden Death Related to Sport: The Science of Basic Life Support-from Theory to Practice. In contrast, in 2021, according to our list, there were 21 cases of SCD/SUD among FIFA players. Causes of sudden cardiac death in young athletes and non-athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis: sudden cardiac death in the young. SCA survival and positive neurological outcomes significantly improve when an AED is applied on site, rather than waiting for emergency medical systems (EMS). It is important to follow a graduated upgrade of physical training to improve fitness capacity prior to match play. In other words, instead of 4 SCD/SUD deaths per year (according to Wikipedia data), or 5 cases per year (calculated according to the BMJ) during 2001-2020, 21 players have died so far this year.That is, about 5 times more than the annual average! >FIFA Sudden Death Registry (FIFA-SDR): a prospective, observational study of sudden death in worldwide football from 2014 to 2018. 2018 Mar;26(3):115-119. doi: 10.1007/s12471-018-1084-6. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, Starting internet-page of the FIFA Sudden Death Registry (FIFA-SDR) at. Immediate access to an AED at training and competition sites, as well as CPR training for players, coaches and staff members, is needed to improve survival from SCA. Africa and South America have the poorest soccer SCA outcomes at 3% and 4% survival. Population coverage of contemporary CA and SCD registries is highly variable with registries densely concentrated in North America and Western Europe. Registries were categorised as either CA, SCD registries or 'other' according to prespecified criteria. E: barancha@kgh.kari.net, Content for healthcare professionals only. Atrial Fibrillation, Vascular Dysfunction and Brain Health, Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia, Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Basketball and Soccer Stadiums, the Role of Automated External Defibrillators: A Review. Executive summary. Aagaard R, Grove EL, Mikkelsen R, et al. A diagnosis by autopsy or definite medical reports was established in 211 cases (34%). Egger, F., Scharhag, J., Kstner, A., Dvok, J., Bohm, P., & Meyer, T. (2022). Epub 2015 Dec 1. E: barancha@kgh.kari.net. Santos-Lozano A, Martin-Hernandez J, Baladron C, et al. AB is on the editorial board for Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review; this did not influence peer review. An official website of the United States government. Competing interests: TM is chairman of the Medical Committee of the German FA and UEFA. The causes of sudden cardiac arrest range from a variety of inborn heart muscle diseases or anomalies to viral infections of the upper respiratory tract, such as the flu, that inflame the heart . This work is open access under the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License which allows users to copy, redistribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is cited correctly. A quick and dirty statistical analysis (not rigorous, but good enough for a sanity check of the this figure is found to be statistically significant: When counting events like SCD, we expect a certain base rate and the events will follow what is called a Poisson distribution. -. Published by BMJ. Sudden cardiac death in professional soccer players. 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.041 Drezner JA, Rogers KJ, Zimmer RR, Sennett BJ. 2013;31(13):1451-9. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.796064. 8600 Rockville Pike Hallstrom AP, Ornato JP, Weisfeldt M, et al. 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.08.026 I am sorry you are getting mobbed by all these cranks. eCollection 2020. Phys Sportsmed. METHODS: From 2014 to 2018 cases of sudden cardiac death (SCD), survived sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and traumatic sudden death were recorded by media monitoring (Meltwater), a confidential web-based data platform and data synchronisation with existing national Sudden Death Registries (n=16). A diagnosis by autopsy or definite medical reports was established in 211 cases (34%). According to Wikipedia, under "List of association footballers who died while playing", in 2001-2020 there was an average of 4.2 deaths per year attributed to SCD or SUD, the vast majority being SCD. It is evident that SCA should be a critical focus for athletes and spectators in stadiums. To find out how many deaths actually occurred during the last two decades among FIFA players (2001-2020), we used Wikipedia - "List of association footballers who died while playing". National association of EMS physicians standards and clinical practice committee. Traumatic sudden death including commotio cordis occurred infrequently (6%). Holst AG, Winkel BG, Theilade J, et al. In contrast, in 2021, according to our list, there were 21 cases of SCD/SUD among FIFA players. J Sports Sci. Background: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major global health problem, accounting for up to 20% of deaths in Western societies. 2012 Dec;46(16):1094-6. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091376. High school AED programmes demonstrate a high survival rate for students and adults who suffer SCA on school campus, and school-based AED programs are strongly encouraged. The list of 183 athletes who collapsed and/or died since December 2020 can be viewed here (Hebrew). In global registries of SCA in soccer players, prompt CPR increased the survival rate to 50% from the global average of 23%.26 However, survival is significantly improved when CPR is used in conjunction with an AED compared with CPR alone.12,26,44,48 There are in fact significantly improved survival outcomes in stadiums because of greater availability and faster response of AEDs in these places than in the local community and emergency medical systems (EMS).26 In one Swedish cohort from 2011 to 2014, the survival after SCA in stadiums was significantly higher than in the public, with a 30-day survival rate of 55.7% compared with 30.4%.49 Similar findings were seen in France from 2005 to 2010, where the survival of SCA in stadiums was 22.8% while public survival after SCA outside of stadiums was 8.0%.39, In athletes, conflicting evidence arises from AED implementation in SCA in stadiums. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The detection of worldwide SD cases was achieved through (I) an online reporting form (Fig. 8600 Rockville Pike National Library of Medicine Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrcken, Germany. Jorge Bombau See this image and copyright information in PMC. There are many factors that act as facilitators or barriers that influence AED implementation. Cardiovascular events during World Cup soccer. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest across the world: first report from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). found the incidence of SCA to be approximately 9.09/100,000 per year.1, Evidence is conflicting regarding the incidence of SCA in athletes compared with the general population. , Brian Zenger Incidence and etiology of sudden cardiac arrest and death in high school athletes in the United States. Authors Jrgen . FIFA Sudden Death Registry (FIFA-SDR): a prospective, observational study of sudden death in worldwide football from 2014 to 2018. , WHITE COAT SUMMIT: The One Year Anniversary. Death during other activities was excluded. Marijon E, Bougouin W, Perier MC, et al. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Bille K, Figueiras D, Schamasch P, et al. The FIFA medical emergency bag and FIFA 11 steps to prevent sudden cardiac death: setting a global standard and promoting consistent football field emergency care. See this image and copyright information in PMC. The incidence of sudden cardiac death among previously screened adolescent soccer players was 1 per 14,794 personyears, or 6.8 per 100,000 athletes; most of these deaths were due to cardiomyopathies that had not been detected on screening. According to the literature, the phenomenon of collapsing athlete breakdown for reasons unrelated to injury is rare. JD is former chairman of F-MARC. Thanks for posting this interesting analysis. The most common signage standard is the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) guideline used internationally (Figure 1A).64 However, this often has poor recognition by public bystanders. Before I notice that these commenters are all irate but immediately start tripping over their own shoelaces when trying to do any math. van de Sandt F, Umans V. Acute cardiac events and deployment of emergency medical teams and automated external defibrillators in large football stadiums in the Netherlands. In most cases, the cause of the collapse was heart-related, including myocarditis, pericarditis, heart attacks, or cardiac arrest, with the second most prevalent cause being clotting events. The leading cause in players >35 years was coronary artery disease (76%) and in players 35 years was sudden unexplained death (SUD, 22%). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Genetic characterization of juvenile sudden cardiac arrest and death in Tuscany: The ToRSADE registry. Panhuyzen-Goedkoop NM, Wellens HJ, Verbeek ALM, Piek JJ, Peters RJG. pasco county deaths 2022; mobile homes for rent in austin, tx by owner; rcmp ppc qualification; . Before , Sudden death in young athletes. death; football; heart disease; prevention; resuscitation. Immediate access to an AED at training and competition sites, as well as CPR training for players, coaches and staff members, is needed to improve survival from SCA. Epub 2013 Aug 12. Trial registration number: . From 2014 to 2018 cases of sudden cardiac death (SCD), survived sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and traumatic sudden death were recorded by media monitoring (Meltwater), a confidential web-based data platform and data synchronisation with existing national Sudden Death Registries (n=16). -, Semsarian C, Ingles J, Wilde AAM. FIFA Sudden Death Registry (FIFA-SDR) case report questionnaire on the internet. Incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death in young athletes and military members: a systematic review and meta-analysis. . 2020 Jan 20;7(1):e001195. Aetiology and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death in young competitive athletes in the USA: a 4-year prospective study. These activities by F-MARC are testimony to FIFA's continued commitment to minimising sudden cardiac arrest while playing football. Please please please take your vaccinations. Get those shots, inject your teens, children and babies! Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) during sports events is a very rare yet commonly fatal complication among athletes and spectators globally, severely impacting teams, communities and sport. Rockville, Maryland, 2010. Egger, Florian, et al. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 2023;12:e03. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Death, Sudden, Cardiac / epidemiology* Humans Internet . This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. METHODS. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_association_footballers_who_died_wh http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/footballdevelopment/medical/news/newsid=21 http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/footballdevelopment/medical/news/newsid=22 Schmied C, Drezner J, Kramer E, et al. Would you like email updates of new search results? Drezner JA, Rogers KJ. 2015 May;49(9):597-8. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094764. Sydney, 2016. Outcomes of Cardiac Screening in Adolescent Soccer Players. In addition, cases were removed in which evidence of previous risk factors was mentioned, such as a cardiac disease or diabetes. "FIFA Sudden Death Registry (FIFA-SDR): a Prospective, Observational Study of Sudden Death in Worldwide Football From 2014 to 2018.". Review of the management of sudden cardiac arrest on the football field. This review aims to identify the risks and incidences of SCA, and the use of AEDs in soccer and basketball stadiums. Abstract. and don't seem to even agree what the problem is. Current global distribution of cardiac arrest, sudden cardiac death and other registries. Marijon E, Bougouin W, Celermajer DS, et al. ACSQHC Economic evaluation of clinical quality registries: final report. Mode of death was classified according to a modified Hinkle-Thaler system. Objective: 10.1056/NEJMra022783 IS - 2 Henry H Huang Our search strategy identified 49 CA registries, 15 SCD registries and 9 other registries (ie, epistries). Outcome of exercise-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is dependent on location: sports arenas vs outside of arenas. Recently FIFA, in association with the Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine in Saarbrcken, Germany, established a worldwide Sudden Death Registry with a view to documenting fatal events on the football field-of-play. To prevent and urgently manage sudden cardiac arrest on the football field-of-play, F-MARC (FIFA Medical and Research Centre) has been fully committed to a programme of research, education, standardisation and practical implementation. Young, male, black athletes are at the highest risk of SCA in sport. Sudden cardiac death in young athletes: preparticipation screening for underlying cardiovascular abnormalities and approaches to prevention. Consensus document regarding cardiovascular safety at sports arenas: position stand from the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR), section of Sports Cardiology. government site. Epidemiology of football-related sudden cardiac death in Turkey. The positive health impact of participation in football training or playing is undisputed and the registry is a further example of FFAs commitment to ongoing research towards optimum player welfare. N Engl J Med 2003;349:106475. 2019 Apr 24;8(4):556. doi: 10.3390/jcm8040556. Limited public ability to recognise and understand the universal sign for automated external defibrillators. Citation: Multi-source data surveillance and capture, Multi-source data surveillance and capture provides the optimum mechanism of case adjudication and, MeSH Only 21 are older (5 aged 42-45, six aged 46-49, 7 aged 51-54, and 3 others aged 60-64). Bookshelf The rationale, current status and efficacy of PPS in athletes, with a focus on young competitive athletes, are outlined. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Schmied C, Drezner J, Kramer E, Dvorak J. Br J Sports Med. Higgins JP, Ananaba IE, Higgins CL. Marijon E, Uy-Evanado A, Reinier K, et al. To investigate the underlying causes and regional patterns of sudden death in football (soccer) players worldwide to inform and improve existing screening and prevention measures. SP - 80 Results of the literature search were screened based on title and abstract by three investigators (MDB, JMF and AB) with relevant articles being retrieved if reviewers agreed on their relevance. -. Lofgren B, Grove EL, Krarup NH. Atlanta, GA: CDC, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/policy_resources/pad_slfs.htm (accessed 20 September 2022). Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. To investigate the underlying causes and regional patterns of sudden death in football (soccer) players worldwide to inform and improve existing screening and prevention measures. More research investigating stadium SCA incidence, survival and AED implementation to find the optimal AED:capacity ratio may assist future guidelines and regulations for AED requirements. n.a. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies An official website of the United States government. Der pltzliche Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand im Sport ist ein seltenes, aber manchmal ein besonders eindrckliches Ereignis, wie man anhand der Krankengeschichte des professionellen Fuballers Christian, Reguliaraus fizinio aktyvumo nauda sveikatai neabejotina, taiau didelio intensyvumo, ilgos trukms fizinis krvis gali padidinti staigios mirties rizik sportininkams, sergantiems irdies ir, European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology. They have never been caught hiding data, erasing data, lying under oath OR FALSIFYING DATARight? automatic external defibrillator, Cronin O, Jordan J, Quigley F, Molloy MG. 2021 Jul 22;7(1):50. doi: 10.1186/s40798-021-00346-2. Death during other activities was excluded. Sports Med Open. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal These results clearly indicate that both bystander CPR and early defibrillation lead to significantly improved outcomes.55, Beyond survival, the appropriate use of AEDs also improves neurological outcomes. Epub 2015 Mar 22. Results A total of 617 players (mean age 3416 years, 96% men) with sudden death were reported from 67 countries; 142 players (23%) survived. Bernama. . Impact of onsite or dispatched automated external defibrillator use on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. 2013 Dec;47(18):1175-8. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091918. Any involved, MeSH In two European soccer stadiums, on-site defibrillation of SCA resulted in survival with positive neurological outcomes in up to 62% of cases (Table 1).3,9 Additionally, public AED use doubles neurologically intact survival compared with AEDs provided through dispatched EMS largely due to a reduction in time-to-shock improvement, which may suggest that spectator use of AEDs can assist in survival in stadiums.56 Similarly, in college athletes, AED use by an athletics trainer on site was significantly shorter than relying on EMS, reducing the average time of defibrillation from 5.2 to 1.6minutes.31, Sufficient Automated External Defibrillator Quantity and Location, Despite the evidence that AED use significantly improves SCA outcomes, many stadiums do not have on-site AEDs. -, Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Wilson MG, et al. By clicking the boxes, Your function and the Country can be chosen. Sudden cardiac arrest remains the leading cause of death in exercising athletes, and recent studies have shown that it occurs more frequently than historical estimates. Stattin EL, Hagstrm E, Dahl N, Strmse A, Delgado-Vega AM, Klar J, Svennblad B, Brjesson M, Wisten A. BMJ Open. Sen-Chowdhry S, McKenna WJ. CRD42019118910. Inclusion criteria were met when sudden death occurred during football-specific activity or up to 1 hour afterwards. Methods From 2014 to 2018 cases of sudden cardiac death (SCD), survived sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and traumatic sudden death were recorded by media monitoring (Meltwater), a confidential web-based data platform and data synchronisation with existing national Sudden Death Registries (n=16). Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. JF - British journal of sports medicine SCA usually strikes without warning at anytime, anywhere, and can affect anyone, even if they appear healthy. KW - prevention The .gov means its official. A total of 617 players (mean age 3416 years, 96% men) with sudden death were reported from 67 countries; 142 players (23%) survived. Sudden cardiac death is the most common cause of unnatural death in football. To get a better picture of the data compared to previous years, we only looked at data relating to deaths among athletes registered with FIFA, and compared the data regarding the number of SCD (sudden cardiac death)/SUD (sudden unexplained death) among these athletes in previous years, to the number of cases in 2021. They don't seem to understand that statistics is about inference and you are not proposing any inference here. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) resulted in a survival rate of 85% with the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) compared with 35% without. Additionally, most of our results originated from North America and Europe, limiting the global implications of our results. Global disparities in arrhythmia care: Mind the gap. Inclusion criteria were met when sudden death occurred during football-specific activity or up to 1 hour afterwards. To identify existing cardiac arrest (CA) and SCD registries, characterising global coverage and methods of data capture and validation. The site is secure. Public access defibrillation (PAD) state law fact sheet. Existing SCD registries (n=15) cover a variety of age ranges and subpopulations, with some enrolling surviving patients (n=8) and family members (n=5). . A diagnosis by autopsy or definite medical reports was established in 211 cases (34%). Department of Neurology and Swiss Concussion Center, Schulthess Klinik, Zurich, Switzerland. 2022 Mar 19;15(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s12245-022-00418-4. Regional variation in SCD aetiology should be verified by expansion of national registries and uniform autopsy protocols. Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 2023;12:e03. Suzuki-Yamanaka M, Ayusawa M, Hosokawa Y, et al. The .gov means its official. An electronic search was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed/MEDLINE databases. PY - 2022/1/6/medline As I'm reading the thread, I think there's people who without concrete evidence will never admit that the vaccines are bad for a larger percentage of the population that was originally admitted. Scientific literature calls the phenomenon of athletes collapsing for reasons unrelated to injury rare. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. Further information on the incident and circumstances can be reported in Date and time, the Sporting level (recreational sport, competitive sport (no elite) or competitive sport (elite)) and a field that allows further comments. Sudden cardiac death is the most common cause of unnatural death in football. Neth Heart J. Sudden cardiac arrest on the field of play: turning tragedy into a survivable event. In players 35 years the leading cause of SCD varied by region: cardiomyopathy in South America (42%), coronary artery anomaly in North America (33%) and SUD in Europe (26%). Winkel BG, Risgaard B, Bjune T, Jabbari R, Lynge TH, Glinge C, Bundgaard H, Hauns S, Tfelt-Hansen J. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. T1 - FIFA Sudden Death Registry (FIFA-SDR): a prospective, observational study of sudden death in worldwide football from 2014 to 2018. Public access defibrillator programs should be universal in schools and youth sporting venues and have the potential to increase survival after SCA in young athletes, and additional research is needed to identify factors that affect survival in different athlete populations. Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Maes F, Marchandise S, Boileau L, et al. PY - 2020/12/29/pubmed Cardiac events in football and strategies for first-responder treatment on the field. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. See rights and permissions. Phys Sportsmed. In contrast, in 2021, according to Real-Time News list, there were 21 cases of SCD/SUD among FIFA players. Hence, a focus on investigating regional differences will enable better planning and adequate implementation of necessary regulations and tools to combat SCA, including possible registries to better track SCA cause, incidence and outcome in these regions in sport and in public. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Adequate signage status varies and may be hard to identify given the critical absence of reliable public data. ". Correspondence Details:Adrian Baranchuk, Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Kingston General Hospital, Queens University, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada. Development and implementation of a standardized precompetition medical assessment of international elite football players2006 FIFA World Cup Germany. In the US, only 15 states legally require AEDs to be placed on-site in health, fitness and/or athletics facilities.76 Although all EU member nations fall under the European Medical Device Directive ensuring standardisation across medical devices used, such as AEDs, there is currently no legal obligation enacted by the EU mandating public AEDs. Epidemiology; Football; Heart; Heart disease; Sports medicine. Focusing on reducing this variation, improving access, and allowing bystanders to use AEDs legally may save lives in stadiums. >Results: A total of 617 players (mean age 3416 years, 96% . With this information, we suggest the necessary steps to improve the response to SCA in sports and stadiums.
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