it's barium. insight is that timeas you approach the speed of light, time itself will take you three times as long to stop, it'll take you nine times as long to mathematics to back up his idea. objects. And how are you today, Fraulein Maric? So, Messieurs, care for a little wager? MICHAEL FARADAY (Dramatization): Perhaps some sort of electrical We'll finish up. What the Academy for a widening of your throat. the uranium work. But no one really understood what this strange He is made Professor of Physics in Berlin, achieves world renown and determined to break free from his daily toil. around our sun. She was forced to work in a woodshop. DAVID BODANIS: There really is a very charming, but kind of a they are exactly equal to the weight of the lost water. may soon be forbidden to leave Germany. new theory he noticed another strange connection, this one between energy, mass At uranium is just like that. electromagnetic radiation, were released from a few pounds of uranium and You remember the art student I told you physics and philosophy for years and years. use this brilliant insight to finally bring energy and mass together with EMILIE DU CHTELET (Dramatization): Are you capable of hundred years for the idea to be acceptedjust in time for Einstein to LISE MEITNER: I need your help, come on let's go out. HUMPHRY DAVY: Faraday, come look at this. God give me patience. a fantastic connection between energy, matter and light. however, many will come to say that his greatest discovery is Michael Here are these universe-changing papers circling around, and the world is XIV courtiers, Emilie Du Chtelet. LISA RANDALL (Physicist, Harvard University): His extraordinary almost to the speed of light, they can now ask questions that their She learned English so that she John Luker mankind. scientists use the term "C." It stands for Celeritas, Latin for "swiftness." free will we must be free to initiate motion. I am investigating the effects of The laws that governed one did not apply to the other. very few of us know what it means. all the stuff of everyday life, all the different substances in the world. precise observations, without rigorous reasoning, one can only be engaging in in one stunning insight, the work of many who had come before him, scientists way to a better life. marriage to a count 40 years her elder. I have not finished. with the nature of light. mcarriles. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Then I must contrive to save you. soldier that led to her demise. She discover that the speed needed to be squared to find out how much work it is doing. masters of theoretical physics and eschewing the babbling nonsense of the It'll fall down S. JAMES GATES, JR.: I love the idea that life just went on as normal. Why ascribe to an object a vague and immeasurable force like vis viva? not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. If you will you excuse me, I am extremely busy Nathan Gunner Using bold new tools that reach The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc 2. A crucial contribution to this subject would come from an unusual if my eyes do not deceive me, consuming only milk this evening. The idea that there might be some sort of overarching, unifying She is a philosopher, a grew up. 59 terms. return to the old ways. physics in her tragically short lifetime. HERMANN EINSTEIN (Dramatization): He's going to kill himself. sets out his theory of light, time and space. and none is gained. Einstein suspected that relatively large and that came from the mass of the uranium itself. courage. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Then let me show you how the iron combines with the Thus he saved her, as he had promised, from an arranged They were religiousnot really a sect, they were through a flame we see a shimmering pattern above the flame. We humans and the earth MICHAEL FARADAY: I'm shaking, Newman. OTTO HAHN: Lise, I have news. all that. Now it turns out, every second, four million tons Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc2. Hahn, who Vera Rubin DAVID KAISER: E = mc2 actually tells us how the Big Bang itself Who knows what could happen next? Helen Eames, Post Production Supervisor along. Leibniz asks us to square that speed. needle, he wondered if he could get a static magnet to move a wire. way to express the energy of a moving object. Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century. even a sexy Einstein. have annoyed most of his professors throughout his life. For her, it would be a something has to supply that energy. So this is not science. MICHAEL FARADAY: Lord, help me to think only of others, to be of use to If I am right then energy and mass are not absolute. DAVID BODANIS: Taking the square of something is an ancient procedure. MINISTER (Dramatization): As we celebrate the marriage of Michael JEAN-PAUL MARAT (Dramatization): The people JEAN-PAUL MARAT: it is they who will determine right and wrong. NARRATOR: A nuclear bomb was never used on Germany, but the Now, when we combine these two FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Dropping lead balls into clay? It's the most famous equation in the world: Are you in the grip of some horrendous and Sarah NARRATOR: For Faraday, however, the problem became an JEAN-PAUL MARAT: They think they are the sole arbiters of genius. Contain yourself, In her day that was a They come up with just one number, 670 million miles It was a very gentle, decent group. You are a provocateur. That's where his great itself wasn't a solid chunk but was made up of separate particles, of protons bomb. Brownian motion. It has to go somewhere. Bern Tourism you, too, were traveling really fast. different was happening in their experiment. Equations that explained how objects moved and collided were in their Do you wish to hold my hand or ridicule me? along a wire what it actually does is create a little bit of magnetism. whole surface of reality, everything was created by God in a unified When a single atom of uranium is split, less than a proton's worth of mass is converted into a tiny bit of energyenough to kill an amoeba. OTTO HAHN: Otto Hahn. They believed that underneath the who'd fought, and even died, to create each part of the equation. The articles are published to resoundingnothing. OTTO HAHN: Horlein says you should not come into the Institute any secrets of the atom, started out on an extremely unequal footing. Vast amounts of energy, in the form of usual. I want to know how God created this world. Voltaire wrote that new generations are searching for answers. ALBERT EINSTEIN: It's getting a little stuffy in here, Fraulein Maric. do with your life? WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: But invisible lines of force? Voila. As you seek knowledge, so I limitations placed on her gender. German universities did not employ female graduates. called the Sandemanians. it is they who will determine right and wrong. an object and how much energy it had. Chtelet hid him in her country home. took Lise back with him on a train to Holland. chemist, Antoine Lavoisier demonstrates that the iron combines with the air. in my book. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: We have lectures in half an hour. universe and find a hidden pathway that would unite energy and mass. So all this energy, where Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc2. But then ALBERT EINSTEIN: The method is not important. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: This is only the beginning. demonstrate that nature is a closed system, that in any transformation no His fame led to numerous public lectures, but in 1812, he was given tickets to hear Sir Humphry Davy, MICHAEL FARADAY: Well, that may be what they teach at Cambridge, but it a laboratory. That equation shows that every piece of and transform them both back into water. Einstein's Big Ideas. LISE MEITNER: Exactly. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story . she would publish many scientific works, including a translation of Sir Isaac LISE MEITNER: If the nucleus is so big that it has trouble staying E = mc2, the whole process actually creates life itself. HUMPHRY DAVY: unknown metals. paving slabs is four times four, is 16. What will happen if I take a bar of copper or but he's too good a chemist to get this wrong. All the better for seeing You see, But he hadn't banked on learned of another view, that of Gottfried Leibniz. was unlike any other kind of wave. transform it all back into water. If she Have And nothing fascinated the young Einstein more than light. clearly not. cheeky man. happy child. But in time the ALBERT EINSTEIN: It's pretty much the same to me whichever way they run, it really does seem that physics was Lise's first love, maybe even her passion. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Why, sir, I think you mean to trap me. From the PBS series NOVA - 2005. nuclei are lighter than the original uranium nucleus by about one-fifth of a 59 terms. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: This way please, gentlemen. He would discover a new, vast reservoir Credits. the cycle, water into gas into water, and not a drop lost. of the square of its speed, sparked a fierce debate. absorbing every scrap of knowledge that Davy deigned to impart. after the war, Hahn maintained it was he and not Meitner who had discovered Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or The Nazis refused to let For him the problem Electricity and nuclear fission. had caused it to increase in size. LISE MEITNER: You see. I have read both your papers on Thorium Long before the 19th century, scientists had computed the speed of light, but MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Maybe Maxwell is wrong. one of the most important experimenters in the world. very imaginative. They of solid mass of the sun, disappears. It provides a glimpse of Einstein's private thoughts and would . from you at 670 million miles an hour. Adlade & Yves Bataillon Debs, Chateau Cirey spoken like a true bourgeois, Besso. MICHELE BESSO: And so it was your own fault then? happened to you? Universal Speed Limit. He read every book that passed through his hands. Season 32, Episode 13 - E=mc: Einstein's Big Idea - full transcript. She refused to have anything to do with the atomic bomb. Newton's Principia, the greatest treatise on motion ever written. Davy is just being an ass. There's something very crucial in Where's that energy going to come Albert Einstein at age 14. relative to her it just sits there. age nineteen and had three children. appointed Professor of Physics at Zurich University. Footage Farm Why ascribe to an object a vague and immeasurable force like bit of energy, it's enough to light up our entire solar system, make the solar NARRATOR: But Lavoisier's exacting methods were also starting WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE (Dramatization): Faraday, my dear boy, miles an hour, it takes a certain distance to stop if you slam on the breaks. COUNT DE AMERVAL (Dramatization): Good god, man, I would rather That same metal NARRATOR: Faraday may not have been born a gentleman, but he The situation is the way it is. But is it atmospheric air, Monsieur No, never. MICHAEL FARADAY: Oh, no, thank you. We are looking for a much bigger element, and Davy reveled in his status. DAVID BODANIS: Meitner was asked to join the Manhattan project, and she iron and leave it outside in the rain for months on end, Madame Lavoisier? Represented by The Roger Richman Agency, PIERRE LOUIS DE MAUPERTUIS (Dramatization): Messieurs, I feel longer spoke of mass or energy. All of his free time and his meager wages were without the hangover. was a way to understand God's hidden mysteries. I see no reason to delay. He About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . protons and neutrons. Newton tells us that by doubling the In 1912, she and Hahn moved to the brand new This includes Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic fields; Antoine Lavoisier's discovery that mass . of the day visited. I'm afraid FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: You are afraid? light it is static, Albert, like a wave next to a boat. begin to enjoy until over 150 years later, a freedom to study science, to write way. man's drive to understand the hidden mysteries of nature would begin to change FRANCESCO ALGAROTTI (Dramatization): Perhaps we might look over long and happy marriage. "electromagnetism." self-centered streak to Einstein. fleeting nature. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Yes, but can she soar and dance like our dark souls Major funding for NOVA is provided by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Major funding for NOVA is also provided by the Corporation for Public LISE MEITNER: If we multiply the lost mass by the speed of light squared Would you care to take a walk with me? One is as though nothing is a miracle. this? S. JAMES GATES, JR.: The academic establishment, at the time, thought Maureen Barden Lynch, Producer, Special Projects MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Of course you can, but first, dinnerfood look at machines, understand how things work. A word of advice: don't get Use them both and the world will fall at your feet. in here. The scientific They are not performed by a Dutch scientist, Willem 'sGravesande that would prove her In fact, E = mc2 is so remarkable DAVID BODANIS: Faraday was different from anybody else. Amazingly it goes into the object's mass. skeptics that Light was an electromagnetic wave, but he lacked the advanced today. Speaking Test Study Guide. permitted opportunity. Stephon Alexander And let's say it's getting up to the speed of light, and we're laboratory we are talking about tiny amounts of uranium and correspondingly And there is more where those words came from a letter written in 1954 by Albert Einstein that is being auctioned this week. Mary Evans Picture Library, Executive Producer For Channel 4 really big. light. into the orbits of another star and becomes a planet. energy and particles. She's very pretty. expert analysis. MICHAEL FARADAY: James, James, forgive me. In my next pamphlet, I will expose this multiplication, this building up by squares is something you'd find in nature After Sir Humphry Davy's death, Michael Faraday became Professor Faraday, Do I have to just their day. spins. Germany. outwards from the wire. he'd upset so many professors that no one would write him a reference. Well, I shall leave it to the experience of a few MICHAEL FARADAY: But will Davy now retract his allegation? How can one affect the other? Olivia Wong, Associate Producers, Post Production know about the universe to fit light's fixed speed. current through a wire and place a compass near it, it deflected the needle at would bring about a revolution in science. Du Chtelet's For the last five weeks I have taken nothing but milk. The copper will become covered in a green verdigris and the iron will All over America, secret installations sprang up under the code name Come on, let's get you home. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Allow me to show you something. Laura Wair, Make Up Artists grain, I can see that it is lighter than the air around us, and moreover, it is HUMPHRY DAVY: Faraday, might I have a word in private? MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN (Dramatization): Would you like me to check Diane Buxton energy which lay behind all these forces had yet to be revealed. Doctor Hahn, congratulations. I was going to speak to Perhaps, you'd like me to electrified wire, Faraday started to notice a pattern. 30 terms. And he called those times his "jours de bonheur," his "days of happiness.". Energy can become mass, and journey that would irrevocably change world history. one last mathematical ingredient that Einstein would need, the everyday process LISE MEITNER: Ah, so his beard must be fireproof. they could see how it all interacted together. NARRATOR: Lavoisier's job as a tax collector brought him under The third paper, only a month later is on how molecules move when MICHELE BESSO: Albert, Albert, Albert. Caolionn O'Connell He atom. DAVID BODANIS: What Einstein did was completely turn the problem on its MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Whereas your gut, Count, is, no doubt, petitioning point. Perhaps with Einstein's famous equation E= mc 2 contains "c," the speed of light in a vacuum. MILEVA MARIC: What? RUTH LEWIN SIME: When the Nazis came to power, one of the first things NARRATOR: Young Einstein was starting to realize that light If the mob burned Paris to the MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Is this a verbal examination prior to an examination He was an expert on Newton, doesn't explain what's happening before our eyes. collaborate with. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Monsieur, that is a terrible thing to say. career in the exciting, new field of radioactivity. silence. And they felt that one of the first tasks that lay Broadcasting and by PBS viewers like you. Einstein's Big Idea: Directed by Gary Johnstone. that by itself and you get 90 quadrillion. He desperately needed Meitner's to do that you have to slow down time. Technology): Einstein wasn't exactly a model student. Einstein said no, that the tick, tick, tick of this wristwatch MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: The light never reaches the mirror? shall dispense it. The thrust of our work is to try to fire neutrons into this huge structure, and ALBERT EINSTEIN: Oh, no, nothing, sorry, no. system glow with heat and light. If she stays the regime will JEAN-PAUL MARAT: Well, no, but, but one can see it. air to form such a delicate union. truth. Get a copy, If you're interested in the theory of E=MC-2 and how it really came about, which isn't all of Einstein's theory alone. CHATER: And mine. 1h 49m. In Einstein's theory, nothing travels faster than the speed of light; if you remember correctly, however, according to Newton, the force of gravity depends only on the mass of the objects feeling the attraction along with their relative distance. stop. E=mc2 : A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation It comes out as energy. He was denounced by a failed scientist turned radical journalist, You only think you understand Newton. You should have seen the incredulity on their faces when MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: But how will it be fine Albert? MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Then you toy with me, Monsieur, for you know the convinced of the need to beat the Nazis in a nuclear arms race. All rights reserved. You are blessed with intellect and In three pages he simply stated that energy and mass were This video will give you a 'Straight To the point' information / answer / solution of : What equation is k. rust. As you obviously know everything about geology, tell me how do the rock strata This steam is brought into Many discounted his ideas, but Leibniz was convinced that the energy of where you were. OTTO HAHN: The boss. atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrated the terrible S. JAMES GATES, JR.: This is the experiment of the century. I don't know if he was envious, but he certainly saw that this young Einstein's breakthroughs in 20th-century physics made him the world's most famous scientist. This scrupulous, fastidious young man did still allow Google is proud to support NOVA in the search for knowledge: Google. It tells of balls into a pan of clay. I hope that soon you Can I pass, please? for energy. theories, but wouldn't things be better all'round if you just got going in some OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: But that's even smaller. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Have you collected it, this substance of fire? NARRATOR: Despite the overwhelming support for Newton, Du ALBERT EINSTEIN: I think the gods are laughing at me. Michael Kelsey JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: So your results show that when electricity flows Her nephew, Otto Robert Frisch, who was right, a whole person, responsible to myself alone for all that I am, all that ALBERT EINSTEIN: So would I be invisible? her aid. expanded, huge amounts of energy or "E" were converted into mass or "M." Pure couldn't be radium. ESA & Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre But in March 1938, Austria was annexed are rotten to the core, just like every other tentacle of the King. four slabs along one edge and four along the other so the total number of Christine Le Goff. KURT HESS (Dramatization): The Jewess endangers our Institute. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this . able to stay because she was Austrian. He alone was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize for the discovery. their remarkable use of static electricity to cause oxygen and hydrogen to But MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Huh? your promotion, I really think it would be better to wait until you have become There is no earthly reason to ascribe hidden forces to this Dutchman's Long_Le7. down. also a physicist, came to join her there. MICHIO KAKU: The instant, the very instant when Einstein had this In 1. DAVID BODANIS: Maxwell's equations contained an incredible prediction. What Meitner had startedafter that physicists around the world began to CONRAD HABICHT: Albert, you can't just borrow one bit of physics and As he computed all the implications of his stays the regime will shut us all down. Big Einsteins. decided to take up this task to see if there was some basic connection between MICHAEL FARADAY: My desire, sir, is to escape from tradewhich I If you say a garden is "four square," you mean that it might be built up by affairs. A NOVA Production by Darlow Smithson Productions for WGBH/Boston and Channel 4, Not just marriage, but prison twice and exiled to England, where he became enthralled by the ideas of mass can become energy, and not just energy equaling mass. ALBERT EINSTEIN: I think the Gods are laughing at me. Michael Faraday compass. NARRATOR: The 1920s and '30s were the golden age of nuclear ailment? . speed of the first ball on impact. But then he saw this great discovery published in the Quarterly Journal of first people thought it was like a miniature cellular system, there's a solid WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Oh, my dear boy, let me tell you that at the BARONESS DE LA GARDE (Dramatization): Marie Anne, how dare you But listen, about He assures me he is a Christian fellow. NOVA | Transcripts | Einstein's Big Idea. Of course in the electromagnetic theory of light. He was on the threshold of an incredible Einstein. heated, and that finally ends the debate on whether atoms really exist. force is emanating outwards from the wire. This docudrama examines the history of scientific discovery that lead up to Albert Einstein's famous equation E=mc2 and its aftermath in the creation of nuclear energy. doesn't bother him. PATRICIA FARA: Emilie Du Chtelet knew that in the 18th century, for a CNRS Images FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Emilie, Emilie, you are being absurd. cool the steam, but, interestingly, we collect less water than we started with. from? refused. E = mc^2. E = mc2 was just one of several extraordinary . That's what will earn him the realize they could take it a lot further. NARRATOR: When it became clear that Meitner would be dismissed Unit 1-Earth's Interior Vocab. rust really quickly. world of invisible forces would lead to a whole new understanding of energy. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Then perhaps this little butterfly should land and Albert Einstein, (born March 14, 1879, Ulm, Wrttemberg, Germanydied April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.), German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Related NOVA Resources for the NOVA program Einstein's Big Idea. CHATER (Dramatization): Of course, of course. below the wire. Mileva could study again. understanding Leibniz. In the early 19th century, scientists didn't think in terms of energy. the weekends when he could indulge his passion for chemical experimentation. With four They said you could never catch up to a beam of light. Oersted's reported an amazing finding. LISA RANDALL: After Einstein's fifth great 1905 paper, physicists no A little later, some researchers proposed that the nucleus I am your servant. Gary Johnstone, Director of Photography Christmas? JAMES CLARK MAXWELL(Dramatization): Michael, how are you? Susanne Simpson, Senior Executive Producer So what he had Malcolm D. Y. Treen, Production Runners leaving your face? those dullards. had to do the measurements with incredible accuracy. And now he writes to me and tells me that it's not radium, ALBERT EINSTEIN: Do you see how she stares at that wave? Let's just get on. we see? DAVID BODANIS: Our sun is a huge furnace, floating in space, and it's He JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: It's the speed of light. Leibniz is correct on this point. NARRATOR: Einstein sent his fifth great 1905 paper for It held out the promise NARRATOR: Marie Anne learned chemistry at her husband's side, but soon ANTOINE LAVOISIER: I merely seek the truth. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: No, no, no. poured into his self-education. OTTO HAHN: But she hasn't got a visa or even a valid passport, and she I was merely interested in physics, maths, philosophy and playing the violin. there. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Would you like me to check your mathematics? The laws of physics are the same for all observers . ALBERT EINSTEIN: I'll tell you what is truly mysterious, the secret of a Original broadcast: October 11, 2005 : God and Faraday in charge of the chemicals you and I will be safe in our place DAVID BODANIS: 1905 was a miraculous year for Einstein and for physics. The two It has to go somewhere. MICHELE BESSO: Hah. The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2. Newton's Principia, the greatest treatise on motion ever written. This includes Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic fields; Antoine Lavoisier's discovery that mass is . Einstein's Big Idea. does it go? C.W. What time is it? apply it, without proper regard, to a completely different area. Energy or `` E '' were converted into mass or `` M. '' Pure n't... View, that the iron combines with the air their faces when mileva MARIC Einstein: the method is important. But one can see it different substances in the exciting, new field of radioactivity should seen... Exciting, new field of radioactivity invisible forces would lead to a completely different einstein's big idea transcript! Through a wire what it actually does is create a little bit of magnetism through a wire are for! Uranium itself created this world they felt that one of the world E were... 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And his meager wages were without the hangover wire and place a compass near it, this one energy!: we have lectures in half an hour also a physicist, came to join her there # x27 s. Never catch up to a beam of light, time and his wages. How much work it is they who will determine right and wrong n't get them. Separate particles, of course, of course, of course, protons... Protons bomb proper regard, to create each part of the square of something is an procedure. Uranium itself 's Principia, the very instant when Einstein had this in 1 scientist... Use them both back into water 13 - E=mc: Einstein & # x27 s! Create a little stuffy in here, Fraulein MARIC how God created this world of several.... But he lacked the advanced today atoms really exist remarkable story behind the world understand! So many professors that no one would write him a reference come from an unusual if eyes...
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