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doi: 10.1128/AEM.38.3.551-553.1979, Karimi, M., and Biria, D. (2019). 43, 3741. Catalytic determinants of alkene production by the cytochrome P450 peroxygenase OleTJE. Oxidation of aliphatic glycols by acetic acid bacteria. Stab. The growing amount of plastic waste has become a global concern. Nat. Characterization of a new cutinase from Thermobifida alba for PET-surface hydrolysis. The depolymerization stopped when gut microbes were suppressed with antibiotic gentamicin, indicating gut-microbial dependence, similar to observations recorded for PS degradation by T. molitor larvae. 213, 204207. In addition, PS depolymerization with limited extent pattern was also observed in the digestive intestines of land snails, Achatina fulica (Song et al., 2020) and larvae of Galleria mellonella (Lou et al., 2020). Biodegradation of the PE plastic wastes by microbial isolates has been a major topic of research (Nowak et al., 2011; Kyaw et al., 2012; Gajendiran et al., 2016; Sen and Raut, 2016). (2006) reported that the P. putida CA-3 (NCIMB 41162) uses styrene oil after pyrolysis as the sole source of carbon and energy to form PHAs. A recently described flexible polyurethane electrolyte was artificially weathered at 25/50 C and 50% r.h. in air and at 25 C in a dry nitrogen atmosphere, each with and without UV irradiation. properties, performances, characteristics and cost are given for information purpose Trans. Appl. Environ. 30, 396401. PHAs are synthesized and accumulated by many prokaryotic microorganisms as storage compounds for carbon and energy when a major non-carboneous nutrient (e.g., nitrogen or phosphorus) is limiting. Environ. Plastic degradation and its environmental implications with special reference to poly(ethylene terephthalate). 69, 2458. Carb. 22, 34. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.37.26172, Otake, Y., Kobayashi, T., Asabe, H., Murakami, N., and Ono, K. (1995). Biodeterior. 198:33. In general, the first degradation stage in the temperature ranged from 0 to 200 C, which was mainly caused by the decomposition of small molecules and the evaporation of water. Int. J. Polym. The Soc. 95, 623633. Utilization of alcohols by Hansenula miso. Biodegradation of polyethylene and polystyrene by greater wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella L.) and the effect of co-diet supplementation on the core gut microbiome. However, Tg decreases to 6065C in aqueous solution (Kawai et al., 2014). (2015). AHs forms the key enzyme in the alkane hydroxylase system pathway, which are involved in PE degradation in -oxidation pathway and known to degrade linear alkanes (Jeon and Kim, 2015). 
J. Chem. doi: 10.3390/ijms10093722, Torikai, A., and Hasegawa, H. (1999). doi: 10.1016/0141-3910(95)00040-S, Welzel, K., Mller, R. J., and Deckwer, W. D. (2002). 31, 161170. WebPolyurethanes (PUR) are one of these materials that can undergo severe degradation during UV exposure. Biodegradation of polystyrene (PS)-poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites using Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 63, 441445. Microb. (2015). Download : Download high-res image (150KB)Download : Download full-size image. Certainly, this was an advanced UV degradation step, forming phenyl formate carboxylic acid groups in which the phenyl groups were in resonance and consequently caused intensification of the reduced absorbance. Prof. Dr. Alexey Iordanskii Dr. Vetcher Alexandre Guest Editors Manuscript Submission Information Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Figure 3. 96, 703707. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.009, Franden, M. A., Jayakody, L. N., Li, W.-J., Wagner, N. J., Cleveland, N. S., Michener, W. E., et al. UV-radiation and oxygen are the major initiation factors responsible for degradation of polymers with a carbon-carbon backbone, leading to fragmentation or chain scission. Technol. Hydrolysis of plant cuticle by plant pathogens. (2004). 102, 1006710077. Biotechnol. Appl. strain NyZ450 and Bacillus sp. Increase of the hydrophilicity of polyethylene terephthalate fibers by hydrolases from Thermomonospora fusca and Fusarium solani f. sp. Int. Polym. These limitations include: (i) the need to sustain insect cultures to produce the larvae that feed on PE; (ii) the potentially high cost of maintaining these cultures; and (iii) generation of microplastics that may contribute to environmental problems, due to incomplete degradation and lack of mineralization Instead, finding new isolates of bacteria and/or fungi with the ability to degrade PE, and understanding the exact mechanisms of biodegradation pathways, may be more efficient in developing of new methods of PE waste management (Billen et al., 2020; Montazer et al., 2020b). Agents known in industry as UV stabilizers, blockers, and absorbers can mitigate the damaging effects of UV exposure. (2019a). Cassone et al. Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.014, Matthews, S., Belcher, J. D., Tee, K. L., Girvan, H. M., Mclean, K. J., Rigby, S. E., et al. Microbiol. Int. 274, 2617226178. 30, 176179. Polymer Korea 33, 198202. Biotechnol. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of apolyurethane-degrading enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescens. It is known that polyurethane and vinyl materials used for both interior and exterior applications are subject to photo-degradation when exposed to ultraviolet light. The polyurethane samples were located in the glass aquarium, with dimensions of 40 40 20 cm, equipped with an aeration pump. Biochemical and biophysical characteristics of cutin, a plant barrier biopolymer. 48, 1377613784. 146, 2632. 42, 76967701. 48, 275289. Synergistic effect of photo and chemical treatment on the rate of biodegradation of low density polyethylene by Fusarium sp. Stab. The SAC removal in real water matrices by UV/PS treatment was still relatively efficient. Microbiol. Photo-initiated oxidative degradation of PE, PP, and PS leads to reduced molecular weight and formation of carboxylic end groups, and UV-light initiates dechlorination in PVC polymers. The ester bonds in petro-plastic polymers are the same as ester bonds in other polyester polymers, and enzymes that cleave ester bonds are known as esterases. Publ. doi: 10.1002/app.1995.070561309, Owen, E. D. (1976). Based on the degradation pathways, these synthetic plastics have been divided into two groups, plastics with a carbon-carbon backbone and plastics with heteroatoms in the main chain. Sci. Research focusing on digestive enzyme(s) in plastic-degrading invertebrates and their gut microbes could also lead to novel approach for plastic degradation, especially for persistent non-hydrolyzable polymers. (Kay et al., 1991), Comamonas acidovorans (Nakajima-Kambe et al., 1995), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Howard and Blake, 1998), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (El-Sayed et al., 1996), and Bacillus subtilis (Rowe and Howard, 2002). Arch. doi: 10.1007/s00253-004-1584-8, Goldman, A. S. (2010). (2019). 8, 183195. Environ. Besides using starch as copolymer, the addition of prooxidants such as metal salt (iron, cobalt, and manganese) to increase biodegradation have also been investigated. Environ. J. Polym. 37, 6979. White and wonderful? doi: 10.1128/AEM.04111-14, Ribitsch, D., Heumann, S., Trotscha, E., Acero, E. H., Greimel, K., Leber, R., et al. 60, 244248. (2014). IOSR J. Environ. Utilization of chemically oxidized polystyrene as co-substrate by filamentous fungi. Karimi and Biria (2019) reported the biodegradation of LDPE-starch blend samples by an alpha-amylase aqueous solution. 
From whole plastic production by 2017 (8,300 million tons), after recycling, incineration (energy recovery) of wastes and calculating in-use plastics in domestic; around 60% have been left in the environment including 95% in landfills and 5% in the oceans and other terrestrial areas (Ragaert et al., 2017). Microbiol. Disclaimer: all data and information obtained via However, management of PET waste requires substantial degradation of the PET chains. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01948.x, Ronqvist, M., Xie, W., Lu, W., and Gross, R. A. Although no plastic is entirely protected against UV rays and radiation, many plastics offer excellent levels of UV resistance that increase lifespan, prevent elongation, and fight the effects of photodegradation such as chalking, loss of doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5860-y, Kay, M. J., Morton, L. H. G., and Prince, E. L. (1991). Res. Usha et al. Shah, A. A class of multi-copper enzymes, known as Laccase enzymes (phenol oxidases), expressed by Rodococcus rubber, have also been shown to play an important role in PE biodegradation (Santo et al., 2013). Copyright 2020 Mohanan, Montazer, Sharma and Levin. Biodegradation of polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and phenol formaldehyde. doi: 10.1021/es2031505, Ho, B. T., Roberts, T. K., and Lucas, S. (2018). doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-9374-x, Odusanya, S. A., Nkwogu, J. V., Alu, N., Etuk Udo, G. A., Ajao, J. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(00)00407-7, Mller, R.-J., Schrader, H., Profe, J., Dresler, K., and Deckwer, W.-D. (2005). Purification and properties of a polyester polyurethane-degrading enzyme from Comamonas acidovorans TB-35. Int. Biodeterior. Toxicol. A., Hameed, A., and Ahmed, S. (2007). B., Hilliard, N. P., and Howard, G. T. (1999). doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.015, Wallace, P. W., Haernvall, K., Ribitsch, D., Zitzenbacher, S., Schittmayer, M., Steinkellner, G., et al. Biotechnol. Enzymes specifically associated with depolymerization of PET and ester-based PU have been identified and intensively studied, while enzymes that effectively depolymerize PE, PP, PS, and PVC have not yet been identified and characterized. Biodegrad. (2020). Lee, C. W., and Chung, J. D. (2009). Isotactic polypropylene biodegradation by a microbial community: physicochemical characterization of metabolites produced. 185, 163168. doi: 10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00212-2, Zuchowska, D., Steller, R., and Meissner, W. (1998). 30, 29. R. Soc. 84, 204210. Rev. Polyethylene bio-degradation by caterpillars of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Sci. (Bonhomme et al., 2003; Gilan et al., 2004; Fontanella et al., 2010), and Pseudomonas spp. doi: 10.1128/AEM.24.6.911-919.1972, Gorghiu, L. M., Jipa, S., Zaharescu, T., Setnescu, R., and Mihalcea, I. Int. News 65:30. doi: 10.1021/cen-v065n010.p030, Sudhakar, M., Doble, M., Sriyutha Murthy, P., and Venkatesan, R. (2008). 200, 7778. (1972). An overview on biodegradation of polystyrene and modified polystyrene: the microbial approach. Braun, D. (2004). strain TMP2 that degrades a branched alkane. Biodegradation of polyurethane: a review. 64, 339347. Environ. Microbial degradation pathway of polyurethane. Polym. Degrad. doi: 10.1002/pi.2420, Kim, H. R., Lee, H. M., Yu, H. C., Jeon, E., Lee, S., Li, J. J., et al. There are several ways of avoiding UV degradation in plastics. Degrad. However, the insect gut microbiome alone is not sufficient for this initial rapid biodegradation of PE. Biodegrad. (2016) demonstrated that PET-digesting enzyme labeled as PETase, converts PET to mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (MHET), with minimal amounts of terephthalic acid (TPA) and bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-TPA as secondary products (Figure 4). Biodegrad. (2009). Purification and characterization of a soluble polyurethane degrading enzyme from Comamonas acidovorans. AF4. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.064, Ammala, A., Bateman, S., Deana, K., Petinakis, E., Sangwan, P., Wong, S., et al. Microorganisms capable of hydrolyzing PE have been isolated from soil, sea water, compost and activated sludge (Montazer et al., 2020a). (2003). 95, 10111021. 24, 798803. WebUltraviolet light accelerates the degradation of polyethylene plastics Author Mustafa Doan 1 Affiliation 1 The Scientific and Technological Researches Application and Research The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in compression properties of a bio-based polyurethane foam after exposure to 90 °C for different periods of time, and to propose a method to extrapolate these results and use a numerical approach to predict the compression behaviour after degradation for untested conditions at different They suggested that the intestinal microbiomes of these insect larvae play key role in the initial short-term biodegradation process, which occurs rapidly within the larval insect gut. Effect of short wavelength UV-irradiation on ageing of polypropylene/cellulose compositions. Biotechnol. Appl. 54, 28212831. Ethylene glycol metabolism by Pseudomonas putida. doi: 10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00129-0, Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P. C., and Peters, R. J. Technol. 24, 2153021547. It also resists impact, heat, abrasion, and even UV damage. 25, 171177. Benzophenones are good general-purpose UV absorbers for clear polyolefin systems, and can also be used in pigmented compounds. Biodegradation of polyvinylchloride (PVC) by white rot fungi. (2006). The first step involves hydroxylation of C-C bonds to release primary or secondary alcohols, which are oxidized to ketones or aldehydes, and subsequently to hydrophilic carboxylic acids (Alvarez, 2003; Watanabe et al., 2003). doi: 10.1007/s13762-013-0220-5, Alisch-Mark, M., Herrmann, A., and Zimmermann, W. (2006). Microb. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205, Bergmann, M., Mtzel, S., Primpke, S., Tekman, M. B., Trachsel, J., and Gerdts, G. (2019). doi: 10.1021/bi00684a007, Pushpadass, H. A., Weber, R. W., Dumais, J. J., and Hanna, M. A. 3, 462473. Enzymatic hydrolysis of PET may occur via two mechanisms: (1) enzymatic surface modification of polyester fibers; or (2) enzymatic hydrolysis of the polymer. PU is not abundant in nature and only a few microbial strains have been reported to efficiently degrade it. Development of a bioprocess to convert PET derived terephthalic acid and biodiesel derived glycerol to medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate. Biotechnol. Cutinases have also been reported to hydrolyse aliphatic polyesters e.g., PCL (Kleeberg et al., 2005; Baker et al., 2012) as well as aliphatic aromatic co-polyesters such as PET (Herrero Acero et al., 2011; Ribitsch et al., 2012a; Roth et al., 2014; Wei et al., 2014b; Gamerith et al., 2017) and polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) (Eberl et al., 2009). Photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride. However, while P. putida KT2440 was able to use EG a carbon source, it did not grow well. Int. Prooxidants facilitates cleavage of molecules into smaller fragments containing hydrophilic oxygenated groups that can be easily biodegraded by microorganism in the environment (Shang et al., 2003). Environ. However, some progress in identifying the types of enzymes involve in petro-polymer degradation has been made. A. I., and Costa, M. F. (2014). Degradation of plastics by microbial and/or enzymatic means (Figure 2) is a promising strategy to depolymerize waste petro-plastics into monomers for recycling, or mineralize them into carbon dioxide, water, and new biomass, with concomitant production of higher-value bioproducts (Grima et al., 2000; Montazer et al., 2019, 2020a). The degradation of high impact polystyrene with and without starch in concentrated activated sludge. Glyoxylate can be further metabolized by the Glyoxylate carboligase B (GclB) enzyme or AceA enzyme involved in the glyoxylate shunt (Blank et al., 2008) yielding two molecules of CO2 and two reducing equivalents. J. Biol. A dense biofilm and a decrease in mean molecular weight (Mn) has been reported as proof of polymer chain biodegradation (Das et al., 2012; Wilkes and Aristilde, 2017; Syranidou et al., 2017; Ahmed et al., 2018). Biodegradation of polystyrene by dark (Tenebrio obscurus) and yellow (Tenebrio molitor) mealworms (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Plant Physiol. Growth of Pseudomonas and Bacillus biofilms on pretreated polypropylene surface. (2018) used Markov Model-based search strategy to show that a surprisingly large variety of potential polyesterases still needs to be discovered particularly in bacteria, which are currently not considered as a prime source for cutinases (Danso et al., 2018). Sci. 
Fusion of binding domains to Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase to tune sorption characteristics and enhancing PET hydrolysis. (1999). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Combined with the yellow luminescence band at 2.2 eV in photoluminescence spectra with the energy level of E v + 0.16 eV extracted by deep-level transient spectroscopy measurement, an intrinsic C N Environ. Sci. 41, 42184244. 64, 493501. Adv. Appl. Figure 6. Despite increasing efforts to reduce the plastic waste by disposing off through segregated collection and recycling, a sizeable amount of plastic solid waste is still landfilled. ChemInform abstract: organometallic chemistry: carbon-carbon bonds get a break. Microbiol. Both strains were able to metabolize EG and produced glycolic acid and glyoxylic acid (Figure 5). Degradation of different polystyrene/thermoplastic starch blends buried in soil. doi: 10.5772/48612, Verce, M. F., Ulrich, R. L., and Freedman, D. L. (2000). Macromol. Niger. Heating of polyurethanes or polyurethane containing-articles may be necessary during Different levels of degradability are thought to depend on the extent of amorphous and crystalline forms, and the presence of strong CC bonds, which are very resistant to attack by enzymes. Appl. Free shipping for many products! 90, 95105. The biotechnological potential of marine bacteria in the novel lineage of Pseudomonas pertucinogena. WebThe SAC degradation by UV/PS was mainly initiated through the hydroxylation of the benzene ring, cleavage of C-N bonds, decarboxylation and denitrogenation. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.04.005, Gilan, I., Hadar, Y., and Sivan, A. Int. Mater. Microbiol. 40, 24332437. 91, 4451. Rev. 54, 69876996. Mechanism of biodegradation of polyethylene. Phys. For many outdoor applications, the simple addition of carbon black Int. Biodegradation and disintegration of expanded polystyrene by land snails Achatina fulica. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.060, Bonhomme, S., Cuer, A., Delort, A. M., Lemaire, J., Sancelme, M., and Scott, G. (2003). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Degradation and Stabilisation of PVC. U.S.A. 115, E4350E4357. The effects of the nature of the polyols used in polyurethane (PUR) synthesis on the structural transformations after ageing by UV irradiation has been studied. doi: 10.1021/es801010e, Kenny, S. T., Runic, J. N., Kaminsky, W., Woods, T., Babu, R. P., and OConnor, K. E. (2012). In P. putida strain JM37, the activity of two additional pathways, namely, Gcl and GlcB, leads to rapid metabolism of EG without accumulation of the intermediates and/or oxalic acid (Muckschel et al., 2012). 130, 22822287. A., Fernando, T., Mileski, G. J., and Aust, S. D. (1988). Environ. Vega, R. E., Main, T., and Howard, G. T. (1999). UV radiation causes photooxidative degradation which results in breaking of the polymer chains, produces free radical and reduces the molecular weight, causing deterioration of mechanical properties and leading to useless materials, after an Polym. Hazard. Int. 3Pr-126 (Kataoka et al., 2001). The role of the copper-binding enzyme, laccase, in the biodegradation of polyethylene by the actinomycete Rhodococcus ruber. (2006). Introduction At present, polyurethane coatings are the predominant type of topcoat used in the aircraft industry. doi: 10.1002/app.26328, Heredia, A. Polypropylene (PP), expressed as CnH2n, is also the most widely used linear hydrocarbon polymers among the synthetic polymers. (2005). Mattioda, G., and Christidis, Y. The chemical components significantly influence not only the material structure and properties but also the degradative stability. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.762336. Biodegradation of polyethylene mulching films by a co-culture of Acinetobacter sp. Chem. 84, 711. Appl. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5672-0, Rowe, L., and Howard, G. T. (2002). The experimental results show Sci. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene and synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers. PE usually has a semi-crystalline structure and is extremely resistant to biodegradation. Environ. (2016). (1991). Appl. 271, 306315. doi: 10.1007/s10529-006-9041-7, Allen, A. 10, 413432. Poll. Sci. 145:106106. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106106, Peng, B. Y., Li, Y., Fan, R., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Brandon, A. M., et al. KnowVolution of the polymer-binding peptide LCI for improved polypropylene binding. 115, 321330. A review. This polymer was first synthesized by J. Paul Hogan and Robert L. Banks in 1951 with propylene as the monomer (Stinson, 1987). (2013). 3:e1700782. About 335 million tons of plastics were manufactured worldwide in 2016 (Plastics Europe, 2017). Bacteria in the genera Pseudomonas and Vibrio, and the fungus Aspergillus niger have been reported to degrade PP (Cacciari et al., 1993). Environ. Once in the cells, these degradation products are channelled through the classical catabolic pathways to yield energy and reducing power for cell growth. The identification and genetic engineering of these plastic-degrading microorganisms and/or enzymes will provide an opportunity to improve plastic recycling and thereby reduce environmental plastic pollution by means of assimilation of plastic waste into carbon source or degradation of plastics waste into valuable alkane products via microbial biotechnology. Microplastics pose a major problem to environment and human health, since the particles are shown to attract and store toxic compounds such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and bisphenols (Bouwmeester et al., 2015). 51, 45964605. PS-degrading bacterial cultures of Exiguobacterium sp. Sameh, A. S., Alariqi, Pradeep Kumar, A., Rao, B. S. M., and Singh, R. P. (2006). FEMS Microbiol. Petroleum-derived (petro-)polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane (PU), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are extremely recalcitrant to natural biodegradation pathways. Contam. A review of plastic waste degradation. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a class of essential commercial elastomers widely used in varying industries [1, 2], due to excellent elasticity, strength, and resistance to abrasion.Nevertheless, TPU suffers certain weakness, especially high fire hazard; once ignited, it emits a large amount of heat due to its cellular structure, Polymers 5, 118. Also, additives introduced into plastics such as plasticizers, contribute to fungal nutrients for growth. They also improve the light stability of. PUs also finds use in adhesives, insulation, coats, tires, sponges, paints, and fibers (Howard, 2002; Zheng et al., 2005; Shah et al., 2008). Screening of polyethylene degrading microorganisms from garbage soil. Figure 7. strain NyZ451. complete and detailed information about the material they are considering. 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Polyurethanes, especially those made using aromatic isocyanates, contain chromophores that interact with light. (2007). to be accurate and correspond to the best of our knowledge, they are provided without Hydrolysis of cyclic poly(ethylene terephthalate) trimers by a carboxylesterase from Thermobifida fusca KW3. Microbial enzymes for the recycling of recalcitrant petroleum-based plastics: how far are we? Biotransform. G. Pritchard (Dordrecht: Springer). P. putida strain JM37 was able to utilize EG as a sole source of carbon and energy. Mater. Samples of approximately 8 m thick film applied The present review outlines the recent advances made in the microbial degradation of synthetic plastics like polyethylene PE, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, PET, and PU and, overview the enzymes involved in biodegradation. Further, biodegradation has been measured by a wide-range of variables, including substrate weight loss, changes in the mechanical properties and/or the chemical structure of the polymer and the percentage of carbon dioxide emission. Hazard. 78, 85318539. doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-2555-x, Huang, C.-Y., Roan, M.-L., Kuo, M.-C., and Lu, W.-L. (2005). (2014). doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(92)90224-8, Shang, J., Chai, M., and Zhu, Y. (2007). (2019). Biodegradation of -sterilized biomedical polyolefins under composting and fungal culture environments. Biodegradation is a complex process which is dependent on several factors, such as availability of a substrate, surface characteristics, morphology, molecular weight of the polymers (Figure 3) and therefore, an exact definition of biodegradation is lacking (Albertsson et al., 1987; Ammala et al., 2011; Harrison et al., 2018). The polyester polyurethanase gene (pueA) from Pseudomonas chlororaphis encodes a lipase. A., Osinkolu, G. A., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.004, Ojeda, T., Freitas, A., Dalmolin, E., Pizzol, M. D., Vignol, L., Melnik, J., et al. J. Biotechnol. Directed evolution of polypropylene and polystyrene binding peptides. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.09.012, ONeill, A., Arajo, R., Casal, M., Guebitz, G., and Cavaco-Paulo, A. Stab. 26, 1850918519. Environ. The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment. doi: 10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00265-9, Gorisch, H. (2003). Several biodegradable aliphatic polyesters such as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and polylactic acid (PLA), were produced and may be used as alternatives to some petro-plastics (Tokiwa et al., 2009; Bhatia et al., 2019a, b). 123, 582593. Focussing on the components, we explore strategies for the enhancement of polyurethane stability through chemistry and engineering. (Lee and Chung, 2009); fungal cutinases from Fusarium solani (Alisch-Mark et al., 2006; ONeill et al., 2007), Penicillium citrinum (Liebminger et al., 2007), and Aspergillus oryzae, Humicola insolens (Ronqvist et al., 2009); and those from actinomycetes, Saccharomonospora viridis (Kawai et al., 2017), T. fusca (Brueckner et al., 2008), Thermobifida cellulosilytica (Herrero Acero et al., 2011), Thermobifida alba (Ribitsch et al., 2012b); carboxylesterases (Billig et al., 2010) and Esterases (Thermobifida halotolerans) (Ribitsch et al., 2012a). Appl. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782, Giacomucci, L., Raddadi, N., Soccio, M., Lotti, N., and Fava, F. (2019). 175:109127. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109127, Montazer, Z., Habibi Najafi, M. B., and Levin, D. B. (2019). D1 was isolated from the gut of G. mellonella by Ren et al. (2020). The mass reduction rates by the bacterial cultures were much slower than that occurred in the gut of the larvae, suggesting that the synergetic biodegradation occurs in the digestive systems. Soc. Macromol. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. Biotechnol. View All Commercially Available Polymer Grades with Good UV Resistance! Appl. A polyurethane (PU) military aircraft topcoat was exposed to UV radiation, within a QUV chamber, and to UV/ozone, using a novel method of exposure that was Some of these are: * Hydrolysis * Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * Microbial * Technol. PS materials used in these studies range from pure PS or modified PS to PS blended with other polymers. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.06.012, Jumaah, O. S. (2017). 18, 7387. Microbial degradation and deterioration of polyethylene. Peng et al. Functional analysis of alkane hydroxylase system derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa E7 for low molecular weight polyethylene biodegradation. You agree to the use of cookies the present and future polyurethane uv degradation microplastic pollution in the environment! By the actinomycete Rhodococcus ruber ) reported the biodegradation of PE 00265-9,,... 10.5772/48612, Verce, M. a snails Achatina fulica: Tenebrionidae ) density polyethylene by the actinomycete ruber! Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa pure PS or modified PS to PS blended with other.. With other polymers UV Resistance ) and yellow ( Tenebrio molitor ) mealworms ( Coleoptera Tenebrionidae... 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