For the 20 C test and the "heat-before-tensioning" 40 C test, each string was brought to temperature before being tensioned. (Wikipedia, 2012)Also, semi- traditional tennis balls had a woodier feel and did not bounce as high; there was no pressure inside the ball. From the beginning of tennis in the 1870s, India rubber, made from a vulcanization process invented by Charles Goodyear in the 1850s, was used to manufacture lawn tennis balls. When you mix new and old balls, you will not get consistent results which means that your experiment will not be fair. I did notice a different in weight. The balls pressure is also known to reduce as it is used, which causes it to stop bouncing after being used for a while. Then comes extension of the knees as well as hip flexion to start the movement - both of these movements are initiated by the quadriceps. This phase was similar to the pre-tensioning heating test but an additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize. The final outcome of this experiment will show if the length of time since a new can of balls was opened, the temperature of the ball, or the humidity, has the greatest effect on the height of a balls bounce for both types of balls. Once the heat is removed, the string again stabilizes, but at a much lower tension. i was just worried even if they are correct or not. A quadratic regression was next tried as illustrated in Table 7, 8. Synthetic materials hold up better, on the other hand. With a higher bounce for the balls, the players will have to stay alert since the ball can move to incredibly high heights. Professional players consider the time since a can was opened so important that new cans of balls are opened with great frequency during a match. As such, they will not be able to bounce to the heights that you would expect, and for this reason, you will tend to notice a lower height consistently for the colder balls. Will the Temperature of a Tennis Ball Affect the way it bounces? If the string stiffness decreases between temperatures, the change will be negative, and if it increases, the change will be a positive number. In general, players can compensate by adjusting playing style as well as making technical tweaks to their rackets and stringing configurations. As the molecules expand, their energy increases as they bounce around more erratically. For the sake of our experiment today, you will need to have a concrete floor or other hard surfaces that will be used to perform the bouncing test. A good source of heat that can heat things evenly. Now that we have conducted the experiment and determined that the hotter balls tend to bounce higher, how does this apply to the real world? The experiment will demonstrate that if the temperature of a tennis ball was altered, it would bounce either higher of lower. Though diminished tension is the factor that tennis players are most concerned about, it is the stiffness of the string that most influences performance and feel. String instruments, are often better when aged, and gates, or things that move, swing better after being swung constantly. Thus most of the equalizing will take place in the longer relaxation phase. When the ball is still very new, there is usually a lot of air inside it. Temperature Cubic ANOVA. While a temperature change in one direction has a high-bouncing effect, a temperature change in the other direction reduces the balls bouncing abilities. The plots show that the errors must follow a generally normal pattern, which is a good indication of a well-fitted line. Here is the data collected from the first bounce of each temperature. I am determine who would benefit from using the stability ball during training? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); can u pls also mention the results u get by doing the experiment? All you need to do is roll a ball. When a lack of fit analysis was completed the f statistic were both above 35 with a p value of zero, this indicates that there is a linear relationship but there still might be a even better fit. The increased energy and movement of the air particles in the tennis ball then result in a higher bounce. Upon conclusion, I am to determine why resistance was limited during the activity. The independent variable is temperature. Using the classifications, the question of Which temperature ball would yield the highest bounced height? would be answered. 5.Measuring tape was extended to 200cm and was held in position against a wall by the experiment assistant. The greatest effect observed in this experiment was that exposing a string to high temperatures after post-tensioning stabilization/relaxation has occurred (as in leaving the racquet in the car during hot weather) produces the greatest decrease in tension. Elongation also behaved as expected it increased with temperature (Figure 9). Temperature can change the internal pressure of a tennis ball, which causes it to feel hotter. Pen. That is, it is more susceptible to wear in unfavorable conditions. But during winters chilly temperatures, that ball can become your enemy. Jeu de Paume was played without even bouncing the balland was just played against a wall. Drop the ball from that height, and measure how high it bounced. This is the table showing the heights in which the ball bounced. It is also an ideal learning opportunity that can show us how the effects of temperature cause variations in the bouncing ability of a tennis ball. After the ball hits the floor the ball gains motion that is. But how much higher or lower? Because it is hotter, the strings will soften up, become more pliable and will need to be tightened if not enough stiffness is present. The scientific equation for determining the pressure of gas is p=rRT, where p is the pressure, r is the density, R is a constant specific to the gas and T is temperature. This is due, in large part, to their construction. On the other hand, a temperature decrease causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. Here is the table for this graph showing the actual height in which the ball bounced. This type of heating has a permanent effect. (Harriman, 2012)The particles that make up gas inside the tennis ball are not very condensed and are cluttered; they can easily move or slide to fill up any occupied in the core. The Temperature of Tennis Balls. A tennis ball is designed as a hollow rubber core with pressurized air. Measure out 200 ml of iced water and check that the temperature of it is 0 C. Perform steps 10-13 three times. Figure 11 Tension loss by temperature in setup #2. Finally the data does not justify spending extra money for the championship balls since the mean bounces of both the championship and non-championship balls are considered equal. This is not the expected result. During the course of playing tennis, especially in competition settings, players often painstakingly consider all factors that have a shot at affecting their game. 1b Heat after tensioning and stabilization. A t test was than completed to compare the means of the two different balls bounce heights. Do you know what mechanics are really behind the outer layer? Thus, a colder string may lose more tension during relaxation than a warmer one. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from ITF Tennis: http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, Sheehan, K. (2011, March 11). Percentages of the tennis balls bounce. The mechanism that is used to shoot the ball is a trigger, the trigger is what you pull to shoot the ball. As such, gas molecules can easily expand or contract. The temperature regression was carried out last. Once it achieves target tension of 28 kg (62 lb), the preheated string will have less stress to relieve than the unheated string. The tennis ball will probably bounce more in hot temperatures and bounce little in the cold. As one may see, the temperature does indeed affect how high the ball bounces. As you will notice from your experiment, the balls that have been treated to the ice chest with ice in it will tend to have lower bounces, resulting from the molecules moving around less and containing less energy. The value of the test statistic was found to be 0.40997 with an alpha level of 0.05 the H0 hypotheses would not be rejected. Bocce ball is a great way to demonstrate the complex wonders of Newtons three laws in a simple and understandable way. Place the tape measurer against the edge of a wall using the bluetack 3. You can repeat the experiment making use of balls of a different quality. This brings more intense games that are fast-paced and very demanding for the players. Hi my name is Charly i was doing this project and i did`n know how to do this. (Wikipedia, 2012)Traditional tennis balls were also made from a spherical stitchedenvelopeof leather or cloth stuffed with rags, horsehair or similar material. That is why tension loss in itself can be a misleading indicator of string performance. Heating pad By far the cubic fit is the best out of the three regression models analyzed but the R squared values are all well below 0.9 which is what would be needed as a minimum to make the models good predictors for future trials. Other conclusions will try to prove what the optimum playing temperature and humidity is, and if these factors affect the speed of the game. (Borlings, 2011)This was very important since the new pressurized balls bounced higher, better, and could be hit farther. Then, drop the ball from a height of one meter. What is so dramatic during this post-tensioning-heating phase is that there is only tension reduction, not a competition between tension increase and relaxation, as there is during tensioning. Some interesting results can be found in an analysis of the experiment results. This experiment was performed to determine the effect of temperature on the stiffness, elongation, tension loss, and maintenance of tennis strings. But more specifically it effects the molecular movement of the object which in this case is a tennis ball. The preheated string will equalize stress more during tensioning than the unheated string. And we saw in Figures 7 and 8 that stiffness is proportional to temperature. The stiffness tests closely approximated the expected result that stiffness would have an inverse relationship to increase in temperature. Experiment. You will also have a more comfortable time working out the heights to which the balls can rebound, and as such, your experiment will go on more easily. Have another person measure and record how high the ball bounces. Their central finding was that tennis string is affected by temperature, but not always in the way that one might expect. How does temperature affect the bounce of a tennis ball? Likewise, will a tennis racquet perform differently at different temperatures, or will the stringbed stiffness be affected if the racquet is strung at different temperatures? (Sheehan, 2011)On impact, the gas will be caused to move toward the ground. Figure 6 shows the result of post-heating for each string. Because of the intense heat or cold, and depending on the material, tennis strings can be significantly affected in ways that change the way the ball reacts to the racket and the players actions. How do variances in tension loss due to temperature changes affect the most important property of string stiffness? We just wanted to let you know that we got a lot of information from this. At low temperatures poor bounce is found which suggests that a game played in cold temperatures might be slow since a far lower bounce will occur on contact with any surface. In order for maximum force to be generated, a tennis player needs a good stable base from where they can begin the movement. (Incorporation, 2011)The first rubber tennis balls were made out of pure rubber, and their properties were increased by stitching flannel on to the core. As the tennis ball returns to its normal shape after getting pressed, the gas inside the ball quickly occupies the space that was open during impact which causes the gas to act as a spring, making the ball bounce into the air. Most professional players will have various rackets at their fingertips during a match allowing quick changes in the case of dramatic weather changes, or any emergent issues related to the materials or specific rackets. Do you know how a golf ball works? Most balls use valves for air retention. Elongation. It is the other way around for polyester the 20 string loses more tension than the 40 string. (Borlings, 2011)However, in 1470, Louis XI of Franceforbade the filling of tennis balls and said that they should be filled with high-quality leather. Ice chest with ice The ab crunch was not much different from when I perform this exercise without the stability ball. This will give you a visual presentation of the bounce heights and the temperatures, which means that determining whether hot or cold balls can bounce to a higher height will be a lot easier. When you have heated the balls, you will have provided them more energy to move about, and as such, they will be able to bounce to higher heights when they are dropped to the ground. When a tennis ball hits the ground, an opposite and equal force, pushes the bottom surface of the ball in and compresses the gas inside its core. When the first two examples were done, I noticed that there was a slight trend between the ending pressures as the temperatures decreased. As a result, the conventional wisdom is that to maintain consistent feel and performance you should string racquets at higher tension when it is hot and lower tension when it is cold. Why don't you do an experiment. 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