Jane died of complications following childbirth, but Henry waited until 1540 to marry again. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. His compassion and leniency toward his subjects were uncharacteristic of the age, and he did much to improve the cultural life of his country during the Renaissance. Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). In 1563 and 1565, Philip's troops managed to repel Turkish attacks on Oran, a port city in Algeria, and on the island of Malta, a Spanish stronghold in the Mediterranean near Sicily. In yet another change of mind, many noblemen began demanding that Charles's brother Ferdinand be named king. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. Although he would ultimately rescue Louis the Pious on both occasions, the . The Italian Wars were continued with renewed vigor under King Francis I (14941547; ruled 151547), who became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? At the time Charles was preoccupied with campaigning for the position of emperor and with putting down the Comuneros revolt, so he dismissed Luther as an insignificant heretic. Although aware of He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. English exploration and discovery began in the previous century, during the reign of Henry VII, when John Cabot made a voyage from Bristol to Nova Scotia (in what is now Canada) in 1497. James also had to contend with religious unrest. In 1429 the country was dramatically energized by Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), who was known as the Maid of Orlans. James also supported settlement in the New World. do with the translation. In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Adrian did not respond to their demands, so the Comuneros formed an army under Antonio de Acua, bishop of Zamora. Charles then turned toward Italy, landed in Sicily in August, and advanced with ease toward the Alps. On December 31, 1514, Louis died, and on the first day of 1515 Francis I took the throne of France. It helped shape world history as a whole, by giving rise to early forms of representative government. The execution of the Catholic queen was a signal to Philip that he must seize the throne of England. Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. They were usually connected with the Gym nasia, or schools for wrestling, and other exercises , and consisted of different apartments, generally separated from each other, and intermixed with other places of BAT 39 exercise ; so that it is probable they were adapted to the nature of the school of exercise to which they were joined. Among them were Drake, John Hawkins (15321595), and Martin Frobisher (c. 15351594). Cartier's voyages never took him farther west than the site of modern-day Montreal, Canada, but his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). (See "The Inquisition" in Chapter 1.) Driven by increasing prosperity, the emerging powers of northwestern EuropeEngland, France, and the Netherlandsdecided to invest in exploration. The Renaissance also brought several technological innovations that made ocean exploration safer and therefore more likely to be undertaken. One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. Their efforts were defeated after the king's agents bullied and bribed the majority of Cortes members. During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." She did not call herself Supreme Head, possibly because it was believed a woman could not head a church. In 1415 Henry the Navigator, son of the Portuguese king, led an armada against Ceuta and won a battle that left thousands of Muslim bodies piled in the streets of the city. This method of punishment, which was introduced by the Inquisition (an official Catholic Church court charged with finding heretics) supposedly drove evil spirits out of the sinners (see "Inquisition" in Chapters 1 and 7). However, the date of retrieval is often important. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). To take on his duties as emperor Charles had to move to Aachen, Germany. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. During the reign of Charles I, England was embroiled in a civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the monarchy. Royal Family of Denmark. Although England was exhausted by the long conflict with France, the Tudor monarchs began a new dynasty after emerging victorious from the War of the Roses, a struggle between two families for the throne of England. The Hundred Years' War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of England and France, the Plantagenets (pronounced plan-TAJ-eh-nets) in England and the Capetians (pronounced keh-PEE-shehns) in France. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. Philip's only son, Carlos, was exhibiting bouts of severe mental instability. Their reign, which lasted until Isabella's death in 1504, marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance in Spain. Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. (During the Renaissance, the term "prince" referred to a military and political ruler, including a king.) When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. Tensions between Spain and the Ottomans had reached a peak in the mid-1500s. Page officielle des fans de Rise of Kingdoms. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. 1,200-year-old bones found in Aachen Cathedral in Germany believed to belong to Charlemagne, King of the Franks. On March 30, 1492, heeding the advice of Torquemada, the king and queen ordered all Jews to leave Spanish territory by July 30. Capitalism is considered one of the major contributions of the Renaissance. The king was a member of the house of Lancaster, and many blamed him for the loss of the Hundred $49.95 He called this new territory Louisiana, in honor of France's king, Louis XIV. Many Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland, and only half of the Armada eventually returned to Spain. According to the terms of the agreement, the Catholic Church in France came under direct control of the French crown. In 1487, when he was named grand inquisitor (supreme head of the court), he set out to rid Spain of "converts" who did not actually practice Christianity. The following year Charles retired to a monastery and Philip became king of Spain. Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. During the Edwardian War the English took control of large areas of southwestern France and the northern coastal city of Calais. The city surrendered and Catalonia was restored to Spain. In the sixteenth century, during the reign of King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), the Spanish empire spread east from Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. Iron. While they were less numerous in Catalonia, Castile, Estremadura, and Andalusia, Moriscos comprised about one-fifth of the population (50,000 people) in Aragon and one-third of the population (100,000 people) of Valencia. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. After the battle at Ceuta, Henry became obsessed with gaining access to exotic markets in Africa. He had neither won nor regained any territory. Adrian sent a royal army to put down the revolt. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. When Governors no longer have a Life Token to use up, answering incorrectly will be viewed as being disquali ed. Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. They had used the borrowed money to bribe imperial electors, the voting representatives who selected Charles as emperor. During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. The plot failed, however, and Essex was arrested. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. They knew that Shortly after the new monarchs reached Spain in 1506, Philip suddenly died. The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. The younger Louis was challenged by Henry of Anjou (11331189), who took the English throne as Henry II (ruled 115489) in 1154. Great Britain was born on the first of May, 310 years ago. They spoke different languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were were no close ties binding them. Question 9. Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. These requests raised a question about rights to sea routes. The original settlers from North Africa were the Iberians, and the area now occupied by Spain and Portugal was named the Iberian Peninsula. All ROK Peerless Scholar answers are provided below so that you can pass the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. The horrified Clement, who had been locked away in a tower for his own safety, quickly joined Henry in making peace with Charles. Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. Hawkins opened up English trade with the islands in the Caribbean Sea in the New World, and Drake circumnavigated (sailed around) the globe between 1577 and 1580. These lords were constantly fighting among themselves. Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. Spanish forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a seaport town in northeast Tunisia. Most German intellectuals were at first in sympathy with the new order in France, hoping that the defeat of royal absolutism in western Europe would lead to its decline in central Europe as well. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. This move shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis's longtime supporters. The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. In 1621, however, Parliament reconvened in order to vote funds to aid Frederick V of Bohemia (15961632). He was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and Henry Stewart (15451567), who was the grandson of Henry VII. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. 3. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). He was the first of the Bourbon line of rulers. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. READ FULL REVIEW >. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. Cromwell was eager to form an alliance against Charles V by joining England with one of the Protestant states in Germany. Henry succeeded in restoring prosperity Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. The Spaniards' worst fears were realized when Charles's political advisers arrived in Spain. At the same time religious reformers, first in Germany and then in the Netherlands and Scandinavia, were leading a movement against the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. In the years after that, they were even better. Germany Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. John of Austria In 1585, Alessandro Farnese (15451592), the duke of Parma, surpassed the military skill of even the bloody Alba when he captured the great walled town of Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium). Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). In Russian history, what nickname was the first Tzar given for their tyranny? In late 1520, Francis secretly backed an assault on Luxembourg The following month Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the island natives. France was then ravaged by an internal war between the Orlanists (a family in the duchy of Orlans, in north central France) and the Burgundians (a family in the duchy of Burgundy, in northeastern France), who were both claiming the right to the French throne. Another concern was that the noblemen of Castile supported Philip because they hoped he would rule in their favor. In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. He included a note suggesting that the Samuri use the body parts to make himself a curry (an Indian dish with spices). They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. Storming of the Bastille: From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country? Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. Ten years later, France declared bankruptcy (a lack of funds to pay bills). Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. Numerous wealthy city-states competed for trade rights around the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, and the Italian Wars (a conflict between France and Spain for control in Italy) raged for sixty-four years (see "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). At the beginning of the Tudor era the religious houses owned as much as one-fourth of all land in England. This reform movement resulted in the revolution known as the Protestant Reformation, which eventually spread throughout Europe. execution of Louis XVI. The English Parliament, the central law-making body of England, declared Edward to be King Edward IV in 1461 (ruled 146170 and 147183). Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. Their efforts were inspired by the humanist ideals of questioning authority and valuing the worth of the individual (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). Charles had firmly consolidated This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). Classical educations were provided to members of the ruling classes and the clergy, and scholars avidly studied ancient history. Game Guide. Most settled in North Africa, while others went to Turkey, France, and Italy. Other native tribes were quickly brought under control by the conquistadors, and for the next three centuries Spain built up an empire in the New World. Which commander is known as the Conqueror of Chaos? Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. A pet project was the renovation of the royal palaces at Blois, Chambord, Fontainebleau, and the Louvre. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). William responded with a document that accused Philip of incest (having sexual relations with family members), adultery (having sexual relations outside marriage), and the murders of both Carlos and Elizabeth of Valois. King Francis I became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. She founded two colleges at Cambridge University as well as professorships at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. (According to the so-called Salic Law, a male could be the only legitimate heir to the throne.) In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. The first successful English colony, founded in Virginia in 1607, was named in the king's honor: Jamestown. split into kingdoms and city-states. In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? Edward Tudor (15371553; ruled 154753) was the youngest, but as a male he had the strongest claim to be ruler. At the time of his death, the French crown was six million livres in debt. Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. She knew the Greek and Latin languages, and she occasionally embarrassed foreign diplomats when she understood comments they made in their own languages. They did not inflict any serious damage, so on August 6 the Armada anchored at Calais (a French town on the Strait of Dover on the Channel) to await reinforcements. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. At the top were kings, who owned the land. His childhood was remarkable because of his enlightened, humanist education. Others became involved in a series of plots against Mary's government. 6,279 talking about this.
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