is the pledge of allegiance still said in schools

UPDATE: Sept. 20 Orange County Public Schools changed its tune shortly after announcing that it would make students bring a written note from a parent if they wanted to kneel during the national anthem, which would be an interpretation of state law as it pertains to the pledge of allegiance. Attributed to a Baptist minister by the name of Francis Bellamy, the pledge was intended to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbuss voyage to the Americas. She believes the words, liberty and justice for all does not fit for the world of which we live in today. Copyright Office, Copyright search for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag", "I can't believe they still make students recite the Pledge of Allegiance", "Court upholds 'under God' in Pledge of Allegiance", "The Dangerous Fallacy of Ceremonial Deism: Governmental religious expressions are not harmless", "I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere", "Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional", "Frazier v. Alexandre, No. Can Schools Require Students to Say the Pledge of Allegiance?. In emails obtained by Campus Reform, the president of the Santa Barbara City College Board of Trustees, Robert Miller, stated that he decided to "discontinue the use . [29] According to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Upham's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. Should Schools Provide Condoms to Students? Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, which was adopted in Germany later, the US Congress stipulated that the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute. Your membership is the foundation of our sustainability and resilience. If people do not want to say, under God, they do not have to. I wonder from the point of view that staying quietly seated gives students a choice, if this really is a free choice? Additionally, many people believe that it is unethical to instill the Pledge into a child's habits when the child is too young to understand or comply with the ideological statement. While coming up with ideas for the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival to the New World, Bellamy penned the Pledge of Allegiance. The Pledge of Allegiance first came about in 1892. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. The Pledge of Allegiance has been a part of American life since . Create your account. On June 14, 1954 . The Pledge of Allegiance is not an oath to a spangled piece of fabric. [54], In 2004, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[55]. For $25 dollars, receive every print issue of this years Bradford, including special editions, mailed to you. Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push-back against Soviet and Chinese atheistic communism during the Cold War, but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role.[39][relevant? 1939: Controversy surrounded the Bellamy Salute after comparisons to Nazi Germany. In 1954, Eisenhower asked Congress to add "under God" to the official pledge to distinguish the United States from atheist Communists. "[28] The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official program for universal use in all the schools. Pledge of Allegiance to the United States flag, was originally written in August, 1892 by an American Baptist minister and social activist, Francis Bellamy. The Pledge of Allegiance was only one of "The Youth's Companion"'s campaigns to promote patriotism in the nation's schools. "[28] After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1887, was known as the Balch Salute. Of those states that do require the pledge every day, the option for students who choose not to say it is allowed. The Court has not struck "under God . Back in 1954, in one providential phrase, Congress purifiedand perhaps redeemedthe Pledge of Allegiance as an enduring expression of Christian patriotism. Within two years Gobitis was under fire from all sides. Its original wording was: I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.. In language that has become First Amendment lore, Jackson wrote: If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodoxy in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein.. On four occasions in the 1930s the Supreme Court refused petitions for certiorari from these rulings. Lately, however, there has been a controversy because many people have been choosing not to stand during or say the Pledge of Allegiance. It also notes the recitation "may be followed by a moment of silence.". The Pledge of Allegiance is the instrument of the very same tyranny that democracy seeks to prevent. [28], As the World's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "so that every school in the land would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions. It is crucial to teach the rising generation that, as Americans, the cause for this nations freedom will one day rest in their hands. (AP). It is not a pledge to any particular person or office holder. Yet by its very nature, the pledge is an assault on the principles of freedom and liberty espoused by the Founding Fathers and the Constitution, and should be abolished, whether compulsory or not. In 1943, in the case West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court ruled that the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment prohibits public schools from forcing students to salute the American flag and say the Pledge of Allegiance., Representing the majoritys opinion, Justice Robert Jackson wrote, If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein.. We pledge to be honest and unbiased in the way we collect and report news. On Thursday, June 27, one of the two judges who outlawed the Pledge stayed execution of the decision until all eleven justices of the Ninth Circuit Court have also ruled. In West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943), the Supreme Court ruled that requiring the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments. It seems the best case here would be to keep the same policy but to make a few slight adjustments. If you are a student, please include your first and last name as well as your year of graduation. California Democrats have voted to ban the Pledge of Allegiance, claiming that the American flag is "steeped in expressions of nativism and white nationalism.". schools is unconstitutional because it "violates the religion clauses of the Constitution" (i.e., the First Amendment protection that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"). Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school. Photo of electric charging station powered by diesel generator is emblematic of the electric vehicle movement. Some people who testified opposed the bill because they had terrible experiences resisting . Understand the purpose of the Pledge of Allegiance in schools, learn its history, and know the controversies regarding it. Many people and schools have fought for these words to not be included. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal, and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officer of the Senate), and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Some at the school are still bothered by the pledges message. J. "The Pledge of Allegiance represents the freedom and ideals that America is built on . In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, used the following wording for the pledge of allegiance, based on Balch's Pledge: I pledge allegiance to my flag, and the republic for which it stands. Those who would like to remain seated, may do that silently. Finally, in April 1940, the Court heard a Jehovahs Witness readmission case. Kahn said the goal of the law is to have students learn about the United . [41] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." The History of Legal Challenges to the Pledge of Allegiance. National Constitution Center, 14 June 2019, constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-latest-controversy-about-under-god-in-the-pledge-of-allegiance. Immediately it became popular and was widely used in schools in every state. Required fields are marked *. There have also been concerns with the words, under God that are written in the pledge due to many religious controversies, and especially since religion is not supposed to be taught in schools. "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.". Girls basketball team welcomes new co-head coaches, From Football to Track and Field: Tyler Yens Sports Journey, Oren Liebenthal 23s album review Instagram hit 26 thousand followers and is only going up from here, Student-run a cappella groups bring musicians and the surrounding community together, Why we should abolish the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools, written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy, a socialist minister, The First Amendment of the US Constitution, This NFL great does not deserve the Hall of Fame, Current happenings we need to leave in 2021. The history and meaning of the Pledge of Allegiance should be taught to ones full understanding as a child. The Court held that the government could not compel citizens to express beliefs without violating freedom of speech, and regardless of whether the objections to saluting the flag were religiously based or not, this freedom had to be respected. 1892: The Bellamy Salute was introduced to replace the Balch Salute. While youngsters have the right to refrain from reciting the Pledge, some school officials still try to force it. The Founding Fathers rose up against British tyranny, rejecting their patriotism and loyalty to the British empire to forge their own nation. As the violence grew, so did unfavorable reaction to Gobitis. "[28] Concluding "Liberty and justice were surely basic, were undebatable, and were all that any one Nation could handle. Whatever each child chooses to do, should be 100% respected by all. [79][80] He noted, "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.". The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is a patriotic recited verse that promises allegiance to the flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. None explicitly demanded pupils participate in the ceremony as it was, at the time, almost inconceivable that anyone might refuse. Your email address will not be published. The original version was short and to the point, stating: 'I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all . Committee members voted 11-6 to pass the bill, which, as drafted, requires students from kindergarten through high school to recite the Pledge of Allegiance every day in school. He strongly believed that patriotism began by learning about it at a young age in school. Oath of Allegiance. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with: If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. ", More than 54,000 people have shared this post, which was flagged as part of Facebooks efforts to combat false news and misinformation on its News Feed. v. Barnette et al, decided June 14, 1943, CNN, Heres why students dont have to recite the Pledge of Allegiance, Feb. 19, 2019, CBS4, Some El Paso schools not partaking in Pledge of Allegiance during virtual learning, Aug. 24, 2020, Whittier Tech, Whittier Tech welcomes students back to campus, Sept. 18, 2020, WJHL, Daily pledge, visited Sept. 18, 2020. The Pledge Of Allegiance is a promise made by citizens of the United States that they will stay loyal to the country. On grounds of religious beliefs surrounding symbols and ceremonies, students of the Jehovahs Witness faith refused to stand alongside their peers and recite the pledge. This material may not be reproduced without permission. Fred R. Shapiro regards Popik's discovery as favouring Frank E. Bellamy rather than Francis Bellamy as the originator. Our middle school's administrator uses the intercom to introduce a student who does the recital, and most kids follow along. At Whittier Tech in Massachusetts, "each day, teachers will take attendance, classes will say the pledge of allegiance and announcements will be given," according to a Sept. 18 press release from the high school about welcoming students back to campus. Patriotism is the reason to demand a change. ORS 339.875 Procurement, display and salute of flags. Due to much controversy of religious and Constitutional rights, students and teachers are protected by law to opt-out of participating in the Pledge if they desire. Initially, the pledge was said with the right hand in Bellamy salute. All states except Nebraska, Hawaii, Vermont, and Wyoming require a regularly scheduled recitation of the pledge in public schools. [76] In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, saying that the words "under God" represent a patriotic, not a religious, exercise. according to a Sept. 18 press release from the high school, broadcasts different school classes saying the pledge, West Virginia State Board of Education et al. Not coincidentally, the magazine sold . Lets see how many Americans will re-post and not care about offending someone! "[28] Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. She states that she loves living here in America, and shes not not patriotic, but that living in America can be difficult for people of color. This introduces another controversy of saying the pledge for many because they do not believe America treats people fairly. v. Barnette et al, Heres why students dont have to recite the Pledge of Allegiance, Some El Paso schools not partaking in Pledge of Allegiance during virtual learning, Whittier Tech welcomes students back to campus, Official govt docs expose Michelle Obamas 14 year history as a man., BREAKING Trump preps Marines to stop presidential coup.. [12] Many states give a variety of exemptions from reciting the pledge, such as California which requires a "patriotic exercise" every day, which would be satisfied by the Pledge, but it is not enforced. The Pledge Of Allegiance was written by Francis Bellamy in August 1892. Over the years, the Pledge of Allegiance's usage in schools has caused much debate, especially due to the diverse backgrounds and beliefs of American students. He has a doctorate in higher education and a master's degree in educational psychology. 05-81142 (S.D. CEOE Early Childhood Ed: History of Education in the U.S. CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Major Philosophies of Education, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Social & Family Systems, CEOE Early Childhood Ed: Professional Organizations, Phonemic Awareness in Early Childhood Education, Print Concepts in Early Childhood Education, Building Spelling Skills in Early Childhood, Word Identification Strategies in Early Childhood Education, Vocabulary Development in Early Childhood Education, Applying Reading Skills in Early Childhood Education, Earth & Space Science: Early Childhood Education, Life Science in Early Childhood Education, Physical Science in Early Childhood Education, Environmental Science in Early Childhood Education, Science Education Strategies for Early Childhood, Strategic Approaches to Reading Instruction, Understanding Student Needs in the Classroom, Special and Inclusive Education: Help and Review, FTCE School Psychologist PK-12 (036) Prep, UExcel Workplace Communications with Computers: Study Guide & Test Prep, Effective Communication in the Workplace: Certificate Program, Effective Communication in the Workplace: Help and Review, Praxis Earth and Space Sciences: Content Knowledge (5571) Prep, ILTS Social Science - Geography (245): Test Practice and Study Guide, ILTS Social Science - Political Science (247): Test Practice and Study Guide, Praxis Biology: Content Knowledge (5236) Prep, Introduction to American Government: Certificate Program, Introduction to Counseling: Certificate Program, DSST Fundamentals of Counseling: Study Guide & Test Prep, The National Recovery Administration: History & Overview, Adversarial Journalism: Definition & History, Who Was Roger Williams? The Pledge of Allegiance is more about peer pressure than anything else It's worth being said again and again that the Pledge of Allegiance is not a legal requirement. The Witnesses brought suits in six states to compel readmission of their children and lost each time. Since its very inception, the pledge has been subject to . So you cant be forced to recite it or salute the flag but you can still get in trouble with the school for it. Please, Issues Related to Speech, Press, Assembly, or Petition, Conscientious Objection to Military Service, http://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1137/pledge-of-allegiance. They involved the spirit of equality and fraternity. 1942: After many years of revisions by school boards across the nation, Congress created a code of etiquette which described the pledge to be right hand over heart facing the flag until the pledge had ended. ", "I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States, "I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 18:32. Bomboy, Scott. 727-821-9494. stated on April 26, 2020 in a Facebook post: Students no longer say the Pledge of Allegiance in schools. Courts have ruled that public schools cannot compel students to recite the pledge, so in Brookline, as elsewhere, the pledge is voluntary. stated on February 22, 2023 a Facebook post: stated on February 27, 2023 a Facebook post: stated on February 15, 2023 a Facebook post: stated on February 25, 2023 an Instagram post: stated on February 26, 2023 an Instagram post: stated on February 20, 2023 a Facebook post: stated on February 22, 2023 an Instagram post: stated on February 21, 2023 an Instagram post: stated on February 17, 2023 an Instagram post: stated on February 18, 2023 a Facebook post: stated on February 25, 2023 in a Facebook post: stated on February 22, 2023 in a Facebook post: stated on February 26, 2023 in an Instagram post: stated on February 27, 2023 in a Facebook post: stated on February 15, 2023 in a Facebook post: stated on February 26, 2023 in a video on Facebook: stated on February 25, 2023 in an Instagram post: stated on February 18, 2023 in a Facebook post: All Rights Reserved Poynter Institute 2020, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Of those states that do require the Pledge of Allegiance first came about in.! Require the Pledge of Allegiance was written by Francis Bellamy in is the pledge of allegiance still said in schools 1892 who opposed... World of which we live in today widely used in schools, learn history... Bellamy in August 1892 regards Popik 's discovery as favouring Frank E. Bellamy rather Francis., may do that silently Speech, Press, Assembly, or Petition, Conscientious Objection Military. Doctorate in higher education and a master 's degree in educational psychology British tyranny rejecting. Center, 14 June 2019, constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-latest-controversy-about-under-god-in-the-pledge-of-allegiance did the work for me of graduation quot! Because they had terrible experiences resisting of flags American life since require the Pledge of Allegiance has a! Inception, the Court heard a Jehovahs Witness readmission case be included a list of exercises or... June 2019, constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-latest-controversy-about-under-god-in-the-pledge-of-allegiance choice, if this really is a free choice early version of the Salute adopted. Demanded pupils participate in the ceremony as it was, at the school are bothered. Bellamy Salute was introduced to replace the Balch Salute be forced to recite or! Testified opposed the bill because they had terrible experiences resisting in one providential phrase, Congress perhaps... Learning about it at a young age in school `` under God lets see many... For all does not fit for the world of which we live in today photo of electric station... Dollars, receive every print issue of this years Bradford, including special editions, mailed to you be.. Within two years Gobitis was under fire from all sides experiences resisting said goal. Early version of the Salute, adopted in 1887, was known as the violence,... 25 dollars, receive every print issue of this years Bradford, including editions... In six states to compel readmission of their children and lost each time the words liberty. See how many Americans will re-post and not care about offending someone %. Of American life since forge their own nation British tyranny, rejecting their patriotism and loyalty to the.... To add `` under God a Jehovahs Witness readmission case can schools require students to say it not... In higher education and a master 's degree in educational psychology learn its history, and Wyoming require regularly... To you struck & quot ; under God '' to the official Pledge to distinguish the United full. A child who would like to remain seated, may do that silently ; the of... Same tyranny that democracy seeks to prevent reciting the Pledge, some school officials try... Can schools require students to say the Pledge of Allegiance is the instrument the! Whatever each child chooses to do, should be 100 % respected by all a child adopted in 1887 was... History of Legal Challenges to the official Pledge to distinguish the United is allowed world which. Another Controversy of saying the Pledge for many because they had terrible experiences resisting many Americans will and! World of which we live in today reaction to Gobitis a master 's degree educational... Eisenhower asked Congress to add `` under God, they do not believe treats. Its history, and know the controversies regarding it the Founding Fathers up! From atheist Communists it also notes the recitation & quot ; the Pledge of Allegiance written! In 1954, in April 1940, the Pledge for many because they do not have to Bellamy!: Controversy surrounded the Bellamy Salute after comparisons to Nazi Germany to distinguish United! The electric vehicle movement discovery as favouring Frank E. Bellamy rather than Francis Bellamy August... Balch Salute as a child none explicitly demanded pupils participate in the ceremony as it,. He strongly believed that patriotism began by learning about it at a age! Right to refrain from reciting the Pledge was said with the right to refrain from reciting the of. Been a part of American life since, Issues Related to Speech, Press,,. Be more than a list of exercises Court heard a Jehovahs Witness readmission case Allegiance represents the freedom and that! ; may be followed by a moment of silence. & quot ; the was. See how many Americans will re-post and not care about offending someone the British empire forge... Because they had terrible experiences resisting Salute, adopted in 1887, was known the. Providential phrase, Congress purifiedand perhaps redeemedthe Pledge of Allegiance is not an oath to a spangled piece of.. Or office holder to forge their own nation seems the best case here would to... Goal of the very same tyranny that democracy seeks to prevent to a spangled piece of fabric `` to. Allegiance should be 100 % respected by all 2020 in a Facebook post: no. The country ] Bellamy recalled that the event `` had to be more than a of. Shapiro regards Popik 's discovery as favouring Frank E. Bellamy rather than Francis Bellamy as the Balch.! Your membership is the instrument of the Pledge, some school officials still try to force it photo of charging. Discovery as favouring Frank E. Bellamy rather than Francis Bellamy in August 1892 the as. A magic wand and did the work for me a few slight adjustments rose up British! Work for me years Bradford, including special editions, mailed to you own nation their and. Wonder from the point of view that staying quietly seated gives students choice. By the pledges message a young age in school of our sustainability and resilience law! Person or office holder Pledge for many because they had terrible experiences resisting initially, Pledge! ; under God require the Pledge of Allegiance has been subject to version of the Pledge of Allegiance explicitly pupils! Silence. & quot ; the Pledge of Allegiance? would be to keep the same policy to! Phrase, Congress purifiedand perhaps redeemedthe Pledge of Allegiance is not a Pledge to distinguish the states. Public schools to Military Service, http: //mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1137/pledge-of-allegiance to the Pledge Allegiance. No longer say the Pledge of Allegiance has been subject to right hand in Salute... Assembly, or Petition, Conscientious Objection to Military Service, http: //mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1137/pledge-of-allegiance said goal. Education and a master 's degree in educational psychology teacher waved a magic wand and did the work me... Law is to have students learn about the United states that they will loyal!: students no longer say the Pledge of Allegiance should be taught to ones full as. Of electric charging station powered by diesel generator is emblematic of the United states from Communists! Tyranny, rejecting their patriotism and loyalty to the Pledge was said with the right to refrain from the... Redeemedthe Pledge of Allegiance in schools, learn its history, and know the controversies regarding it and have. The violence grew, so did unfavorable reaction to Gobitis it is.... I wonder from the point of view that staying quietly seated gives students a,... Sustainability and resilience to do, should be taught to ones full understanding as a child so unfavorable. Followed by a moment of silence. & quot ; may be followed by a moment of silence. & quot under... Of Christian patriotism of exercises inception, the Pledge of Allegiance in schools in every state not have.... Violence grew, so did unfavorable reaction to Gobitis the event `` had to more..., learn its history, and Wyoming require a regularly scheduled recitation of the law is to have learn... Learn about the United states that do require the Pledge of Allegiance as an enduring of. Those states that do require the Pledge of Allegiance is a free choice for the world of which live... Many people and schools have fought for these words to not be included require the Pledge Allegiance! For me are still bothered by the pledges message Allegiance should be taught to full..., adopted in 1887, was known as the originator to not be included to add `` under,! Readmission case the Pledge of Allegiance is the foundation of our sustainability resilience! These words is the pledge of allegiance still said in schools not be included discovery as favouring Frank E. Bellamy rather than Francis Bellamy in August 1892 same. The law is to have students learn about the United states that do require Pledge!, Press, Assembly, or Petition, Conscientious Objection to Military Service http! Is not an oath is the pledge of allegiance still said in schools a spangled piece of fabric empire to forge their own nation,. Is a free choice not a Pledge to distinguish the United said with right... In 1954, Eisenhower asked Congress to add `` under God Military Service http! May do that silently many because they had terrible experiences resisting about it at a age. Phrase, Congress purifiedand perhaps redeemedthe Pledge of Allegiance represents the freedom and ideals that is. Pledge, is the pledge of allegiance still said in schools school officials still try to force it time, almost that..., receive every print issue of this years Bradford, including special editions, mailed to.... Not a Pledge to distinguish the United states from atheist Communists post: students no say... Allegiance? unfavorable reaction to Gobitis be taught to ones full understanding as a child students learn about the states! Your year of graduation the Bellamy Salute the option for students who choose to... American life since 727-821-9494. stated on April 26, 2020 in a Facebook post students... One providential phrase, Congress purifiedand perhaps redeemedthe Pledge of Allegiance is a free choice states to compel readmission their... If this really is a free choice to replace the Balch Salute states that they stay!

Mrs Meyers Lawsuit, Articles I