As Yugoslavia was a Soviet ally in 1945, there were very real fears at the time that an Anglo-Yugoslav war could easily escalate into an Anglo-Soviet war. Before the war, Odessa had a large Jewish population of approximately 200,000, or 30% of the city's total population. The case of "the Cossacks" has been perhaps the single most prominent example of historical investigation to be turned into journalism, not only in acres of newsprint devoted to the story and based upon several books on the subject, but also in a programme in the BBC historical series, Timewatch". [2] The primary perpetrators were Romanian soldiers, Einsatzgruppe SS and local ethnic Germans.[3][4]. [20], The British transported the Cossacks to a prison where they were handed over to the waiting Soviets. As the massacres occurred, Jews from surrounding villages were interned in Odessa and Romanian concentration camps set up in the surrounding areas. [17], On 1 June 1945 the UK placed 32,000 Cossacks (with their women and children) into trains and trucks and delivered them to the Red Army for repatriation to the Soviets;[18] similar repatriations occurred that year in the US occupation zones in Austria and Germany. Nevertheless, the prisoner hierarchy continued on board the ship. It is the unedited footage taken by an American army camera unit at a prisoner of war camp in southern Germany in February 1946. One of the first studies of this grim episode was Peter Huxley-Blythes The East Came West (The Caxton Printers, 1964). The Secret Betrayal is the most complete account of forced repatriation to appear thus far. Additional thousands of old migrs (people who had fled Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War) were also forcibly sent to the USSR, along with other people of Russian descent who had never lived within the borders of Russia. The evicted endured terrible conditions; with inadequate housing for all and severe crowding, many were forced out into the open winter air, which led to mass mortality from hypothermia. However, the Western Allies were surprised to discover that thousands had willingly joined the Wehrmacht. One such rumour claimed that important British records related to the incident had been sealed until 2045. [53] Under the Yalta agreement, the Soviets were to repatriate American and British POWs that came into Red Army hands in exchange for the American and British governments were to repatriate people from the Soviet Union who fell into their hands. From across the sea, an art revolution is coming. Chapter eleven, entitled An Unsolved Mystery, attempts to unravel one of the most appalling incidents in the repatriation story, the handing over to Stalin of long-time opponents of the Soviet regime who technically were exempt from repatriation because of the fact that they had never been Soviet citizens. The situation in the ghetto of Domanevka and other ghettos in Transnistria improved in 1943 after the Jews began to receive assistance from Jewish organizations in Romania. Soviet Repatriation Commissions were established throughout Western Europe, staffed by agents of the NKVD and SMERSH. The complex was completed in 2004 with the erection of a monument to the victims of the Holocaust in Odessa by sculptor Zurab Tsereteli.[18][19]. As they were being rounded up, many displayed documents proving that they were citizens of France, Italy, Yugoslavia, or registered stateless with Nanssen passports issued by the League of Nations. The building collapsed, and under its rubble, 67 people were killed, including 16 officers, among whom was the military commander of the city, Romanian General Ioan Glogojeanu. [40] In his article, Tolstoy alleged that on 13 May 1945 in a meeting in the Austrian city of Klagenfurt that Macmillan gave the orders to repatriate all Cossacks regardless if they were Soviet citizens or not. By then BritishCossack relationships were friendly to the extent that many on both sides had developed feelings for one another. Find the obituary of Theodore Tritaris (1945 - 2020) from Hicksville, NY. The Ormonde. In the town of Tristach, Austria, there was a memorial commemorating General von Pannwitz and the soldiers of the XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps who were killed in action or died as POWs. Jews participated in the struggle of the Odessa underground and constituted a significant part of the guerrilla units, based in the Odessa catacombs.[3]. As they made their final descent, the airmen likely believed they were attacking bona fide hostile targets. Loving father of Thomas Jr. (Danielle) and Stacey Zaba (Mark). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London, Overall model: 552 x 1890 x 237 mm; Base: 140 x 2015 x 390 mm. Headlines such as Friendly fires of hell have been the norm thanks, in part, to a surprising lack of scholarly attention. As of 2018, it was estimated that up to 30,000 people, mostly Ukrainian Jews, were murdered in the actual massacre, which occurred October 2223, 1941. The monument is a tongue of flame with a silhouette of a dove, a symbol of the world, inside.[23]. 1945/11/19. Morris argued that if Britain broke the terms of the Yalta Agreement by granting asylum to the Cossacks, then the Soviet Union might likewise break the terms of the Yalta agreement and refuse to repatriate the hundreds of thousands of British POWs whom the Germans had concentrated in POW camps in eastern Germany (it was German policy to build POW camps in eastern Germany as it made it more difficult for POWs who escaped to reach western Europe). The subject of the repatriation was largely unknown in the English-speaking world until 1974 when Lord Bethell published his book The Last Secret, which was also turned into a BBC documentary that aired the same year. They fought with their bare hands. 1945/10/30. [49], After four years of investigation, in October 1990 the Cowgill committee published its report, The Repatriations from Austria in 1945 whose conclusions largely echoed those reached by Knight in 1986 that British policy in Austria was largely governed by preparations for a possible war with Yugoslavia and perhaps the Soviet Union as well. [33] Bethell was critical of the repatriation, accusing the British government of "intentionally over-fulfilling" the Yalta agreement by handing over people who were not Soviet citizens, but was careful in his treatment of the evidence. The second was General Silkin, who shot himselfThe Cossacks refused to board the trucks. During the summer of 1944 the British began to ship thousands of Russians from POW and refugee camps to the USSR. [16] About 600 Odessa residents in these ghettos lived to be released. The cover of The East Came West featured an image taken from a Nazi propaganda poster showing a demonical ape dressed in a Red Army uniform surrounded by fire and brimstone reaching out towards Europe. Some were executed immediately. One British officer told the Cossacks, "I assure you, on my word of honour as a British officer, that you are just going to a conference". [52] By contrast, Major Harold Lunghi who served as part of the British Military Mission in Moscow during World War Two and was closely involved in the talks to repatriate British POWs taken prisoner by the Germans who had been liberated by the Red Army, remained highly critical of the decision to repatriate the Cossacks. Some 100 Cossacks perished in resistance to forcible repatriations at Rimini and Bologna. Take a closer look with the unique Van de Velde drawings collection, Join us live online as we attempt to sight the new crescent Moon which signals the start of Ramadan in the UK, Search our online database and exploreour objects, paintings, archives and library collectionsfrom home, Come behind the scenes at our state-of-the-art conservation studio, Visit the world's largest maritime library and archive collection at the National Maritime Museum, The Van de Veldes: Greenwich, Art and the Sea, Astronomy Photographer of the Year exhibition, A Sea of Drawings: the art of the Van de Veldes, The Prince Philip Maritime Collections Centre. 2 December 2021. almanzora odessa 1945. An estimated 4,000 prisoners perished. This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 05:21. Through Britain did not join the EEC until 1973, it was Macmillan who as a prime minister first applied to have Britain join the EEC in July 1961, which was ended in January 1963 when President de Gaulle of France vetoed the British application. Make a life-giving gesture Later that year, the Cossack cavalry division was deployed to Axis-occupied Yugoslavia to fight Tito's Partisans. Indeed, once the camp was emptied in mid-April, the local politicians no longer concerned themselves with the fate of the prisoners now held in squalor aboard the Cap Arcona in nearby Neustadt Bay. Of those Cossacks who escaped repatriation, many hid in forests and mountainsides, some were hidden by the local German populace, but most hid in different identities as Latvians, Poles, Yugoslavians, Turks, Armenians and even Ethiopians. Most Cossacks were sent to the gulags in far northern Russia and Siberia, and many died; some, however, escaped, and others lived until the amnesty of 1953 (see below). [36], Subsequently, Count Nikolai Tolstoy published The Victims of Yalta in 1977, which was described by a critical historian, D.R. [12], Although the agreement for the deportation of all "Soviet" citizens did not include White Russian emigres who had fled during the Bolshevik Revolution before the establishment of the USSR, all Cossack prisoners of war were later demanded. We were. Find the obituary of Thomas J. Hancock (1945 - 2020) from Hicksville, NY. [8], While top Nazi officials were slow to embrace anticommunist Cossacks, some Wehrmacht field commanders had utilized Cossack defectors from the Red Army since the summer of 1941. They boarded trucks and were then turned over to Soviet authorities in Austria. 1945/10/22. In the immediate aftermath of the war, Britains focus was on attempting to prosecute Nazi war criminals, and investigations into British misadventures were sidelined. [33] Nikolai Tolstoy describes this and other events resulting from the Yalta Conference as the "Secret Betrayal" (cf. The Cossacks moved there and established garrisons and settlements, requisitioning houses by evicting the inhabitants, with several stanitsas and posts, their administration, churches, schools and military units. [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Foyle's War (series 6) . The second was presented to British forces by a Swedish Red Cross (SRC) delegate. [19][unreliable source?] Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}462758N 304359E / 46.466N 30.733E / 46.466; 30.733, The Odessa massacre was the mass murder of the Jewish population of Odessa and surrounding towns in the Transnistria Governorate during the autumn of 1941 and the winter of 1942 while it was under Romanian control. 503 pages. This memorial was removed in September 2021 because of the connection between General von Pannwitz and both the SA and the SS, as well as his loyalty to the Nazi regime. [47], Between 2 October-30 November 1989, the much publicised libel trial of Tolstoy vs. Aldington took place and ended with the jury ruling in the favour of the latter and awarding him 1.5 million. We have "[35] The man who led and supervised the entire operation was Major Davies. Some specific political crimes were omitted from amnesty: people convicted under Section 58.1(c) of the Criminal Code, stipulating that in the event of a military man escaping Russia, every adult member of his family who abetted the escape or who knew of it would be subject to five to ten years' imprisonment; every dependent who did not know of the escape would be subject to five years' Siberian exile.[30]. Make a life-giving gesture Acta Musei Sabesiensis, 6, 2014, p. 529-549. Unbeknownst to them, they were instead being sent to the Soviet Union. Sonderkommando 11b carried out a much smaller execution of about 200 Jews and others, brought from a prison in the city to the SK 11b headquarters at a NKWD sanatorium on the northern . In early 1943, most of the Cossack units fighting with the German Army were consolidated into the First Cossack Cavalry Division under the command of General Helmuth von Pannwitz. A breakdown of efficient communication and intelligence sharing meant that frontline forces were often ill-prepared for the actual situation ahead of them. In fact, all of the records were publicly released in 1972 after the Public Records Act 1967 reduced the amount of time they were to be kept secret and I have spent a great deal of time researching them. Between 1971 and 1978 pertinent government records were declassified and the book has a firm foundation in British archival records, as well as a wealth of information gained by interviews and correspondence with policy-makers, military officers who conducted repatriation operations, and a few of the victims who managed to survive the ordeal. The Cap Arcona burning. Je connais un certain nombre de noms de bateaux et des dates de dpart. The first book written in English on the subject was The East Came West (1964) by the British author Peter Huxley-Blythe, but attracted little attention because of Huxley-Blythe's involvement with the European Liberation Front. Below them, the former luxury liner SS Cap Arcona was laden with over 4,500 concentration camp prisoners who had been evacuated to the coast and at around 3pm, the Typhoons from the Second Tactical Air Force, launched their assault. The British then hit them with rifle butts until they lay unconscious, and threw them, like sacks of potatoes, in the trucks. If you find our videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.https://www.amazon.com/?tag=wiki-audio-201941 Odessa massacre The Odessa ma. Near the end of the war, many Cossacks fled to western Europe, fearing the Red Army, in hopes of surrendering instead to the military forces of the United States or the UK. Any long-term planning was simply nonexistent. Many men, women, and children were sent to the Gulag camps, and many were worked to death. On January 12, 1947, Generals Krasnov and Shkuro, along with the German commander of the 15th Cossack Cavalry Division, General Helmuth von Pannwitz, were executed, after having spent 19 months in the infamous Lubianka Prison. The War Office held a different view. PhD Candidate, School of Art and Humanities, Nottingham Trent University. [56] Thorpe argued that this blanket use of the term "White Russian" together with a lack of qualified officers who could speak Russian ensured that the British in 1945 did not make much effort to distinguish between those Cossacks living in the Soviet Union who had volunteered to fight for Germany vs. those Cossacks living in exile who had volunteered to fight for Germany. Field Marshal Montgomery followed suit and in the Fall of 1945 ordered that force no longer be used for the repatriation of Soviet nationals. "[44] The question was rhetorical as the article accepted Tolstoy's charges against Macmillan and sought to link his "one nation conservatism" with a policy of weakness towards the Soviet Union.[44], In 1985, a British businessman named Nigel Watts became involved in a lengthy and bitter dispute over an insurance claim for the previous ten years with the Sun Alliance insurance company, whose chairman was Lord Aldington. [58], Repatriation of Cossacks after World War II, Newland, Samuel, Cossacks in the German Army (Portland: Frank Cass, 1991) 112 - 121, Mueggenberg, 243 244, 252 254, 276 - 283, Knight Robert "Transnational memory from Bleiburg to London (via Buenos Aires and Grozny)" pages 39-53 from, Solzhenitsyn, A. Click Continue below to continue processing your order with the Library team. [14] The measures consisting of clearing the Italian inhabitants of the area from their homes and taking stern measures to not allow partisans from the hills to pass through alive in the area led the Italians to use the epithet Barbarian Cossacks. [15], When the Allies progressed from central Italy to the Italian Alps, Italian partisans under Gen. Contini ordered the Cossacks to leave Carnia and go north to Austria. Ship ALMANZORA Between 1882 and 1960 arrived to the Port of Buenos Aires, main port of Argentina, 2,313 ships transporting new immigrant to these lands of peace. Along with them, he also handed over many wagonloads of old people, women and children who did not want to return to their native Cossack rivers. There were two reasons for this. His findings appeared in 1973 with the publication of Operation Keelhaul: The Story of Forced Repatriation from 1944 to the Present (Devin-Adair). 1945/10/17. By late June the British Foreign Office decided to repatriate all Russian POWs, callously disregarding the consequences of such a policy (early in the war Stalin had made it clear that any Soviet citizens who were even temporarily out of Communist control would be regarded as traitors. It was in this condition that the prisoners were brought to another Soviet boat for a speedy return to Stalin's hangmen. Canton (SS) Southampton. Some of them hoping to find new opportunities to work and progress. [56] Thus, the British called the Vlasov Army "White Russians" even through General Andrei Vlasov and his men were all former Red Army POWs who had decided to fight for Germany. [43] Thorpe wrote that strictly speaking the term "White Russian" described any Russian who fought on the White side in the Russian Civil War or those anti-Communist Russians who went into exile, but in British official circles in World War Two and in the British Army the term "White Russian" was used indiscriminately to describe any anti-Communist person from the territory of the modern Soviet Union, regardless if they were Russian or not. On 17 January 1947 Krasnov and Shkuro were hanged in a public square. The American and British governments thus assumed the onus for continuing the repatriation policy. William Dritschilo described the events at Lienz in Lienz Cossacks, his novelization of the Cossack experience of the 20th century. Almanzora area is in Almeria province and is made up of 27 municipalities. They are made by joining-up positions on successive days, and sometimes positions are not given. SS Almanzora during the Second World War 1939-1945. On the contrary, the Soviet side at first said and wrote that their concern was Soviet citizens. THE VOYAGES OF HMS ALMANZORA 1915-1918 (More detailed plots follow in the text) (Maps prepared using Journey Plotter, developed by Maikel. The forced repatriation of Russians at the end of World War II has been dealt with in several books that appeared before Count Tolstoys book was published in Britain in 1977 under the title of Victims of Yalta. They first dragged the men out of the crowd, and threw them into the trucks. Queen Elizabeth I. Southampton. [19][unreliable source?] Later, a ghetto was arranged in Odessa itself. [53] Morris also maintained that since the Cossacks had fought for Germany, it was unreasonable to expect Churchill to sacrifice thousands of British POWs just to save them. This is a thoroughly documented account of the British role in repatriation. [31] The first book written about the subject appears to have been Kontra by the Polish writer Jzef Mackiewicz, which was published in Polish in London in 1957. At Judenberg (the delivery point in Austria) the Red Army General Dolmatov asked in surprise why the old migrs had been handed over: to his knowledge the Soviet authorities had never demanded them. Alley of the "Righteous Among the World". British soldiers [armed] with pistols and clubs began using their clubs, aiming at the heads of the prisoners. In 1986, the Federation of Conservative Students in their magazine published a cover story with a photo of Macmillan from 1945 with the question "Guilty of War Crimes? (2018). [51] Lunghi who worked closely with the "very ruthless" General Filipp Golikov recalled in an interview on 19 March 2009: "In Moscow, as among most people who had knowledge and experience of Russia, we were appalled to learn rather late in the day that we were forcibly returning White Russians and others who did not hold Soviet citizenship to the Soviet Union. Durant l't 1945 plusieurs navires anglais ont transfr des prisonniers de guerre de Odessa Marseille. [54] Booker noted that the BBC produced nine television or radio documentaries that largely accepted Tolstoy's allegations at face value, which he saw as an example of the "Cleverdick Culture". As Tolstoy relates: Even the Soviet authorities who received them were astonished that the British should have included these people in the consignment. If an item is shown as offsite, please allow eight days for your order to be processed. Repatriation Ships - 1945 - Southampton. In the absence of another option, Kaufmann made arrangements in March 1945 to requisition a passenger liner to act as a temporary holding camp for Neuengammes prisoners. [45] Knight maintained that the British wanted to clear Austria of all the vast number of prisoners they had taken to free up soldiers now struck guarding the prisoners for a possible war with Yugoslavia and to improve relations by returning peoples who were the enemies of the Yugoslav and Soviet governments. Galsworthy of the Foreign Office wrote, We made up our minds long ago that we could not try to save Russians from their Government, however much we might wish to do so on purely humanitarian grounds., Apologists for the forced repatriation policy have claimed, without evidence, that Stalin might have contemplated holding liberated British prisoners hostage. Why then were hundreds of thousands of Russians forcibly repatriated after all the British and American prisoners liberated by the Red Army in eastern Germany were returned to the West? [8], On October 23, an order was issued threatening all Jews with death on the spot and ordering them to report to the village of Dalnyk on October 24. The repatriations were agreed to in the Yalta Conference; Joseph Stalin claimed the prisoners were Soviet citizens as of 1939, although many of them had left Russia before or soon after the end of the Russian Civil War or had been born abroad, hence never holding Soviet citizenship. Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov asserted in May 1944 that the number of Russians serving in the German armed forces was insignificant. Actually, approximately one million of Stalins subjects had joined the other side. Sir Henry Morris-Jones , Denbigh 12:00 am, 6th March 1945. asked the Secretary of State for War whether he has any further information in regard to our prisoners of war in German territory occupied by our Russian Ally. Others escaping the European wars. He placed a temporary freeze on repatriation operations and asked his superiors in Washington for a definite ruling on the issue. Features of the Holocaust in Odessa, Official site of the Museum of the Holocaust in Odessa, Book-trailer literary and documentary novel, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1941_Odessa_massacre&oldid=1138695478, This page was last edited on 11 February 2023, at 02:25. Local politicians, in particular Nazi Gauleiter Karl Kaufmann, had developed close business links with local industrialists and supplying slave labour from the camp to nearby businesses became a profitable enterprise. [1], Most of those Cossacks and Russians fought the Allies, specifically the Soviets, in service to the Axis powers, yet the repatriations included non-combatant civilians as well. [19], Cossacks were included in the hundreds who were repatriated to the Soviet Union from Marseilles in 1946. The men jumped out. Thrope, as "a work of considerable scholarship". 1945/10/18. Odessa is a purported global network set up by high-ranking SS officers at the end of WW2. [34] The subject of the repatriations in 1945 were used by a variety of right-wing authors in the 1970s-1980s as a symbol of both of the malevolence of the Soviet Union and of a "craven" policy towards the Soviet Union alleged to have been pursued by the successive American and British governments since the Second World War. John Galsworthy of the Foreign Office minuted: We do not wish to attract attention to this aspect of the Agreement which is, of course, in opposition to our traditional attitude towards political refugees , Other objections were raised by Allied occupation commanders. For a few days the British supplied them with food; meanwhile, the Red Army's advance units approached to within a few miles east, rapidly advancing to meet the Allies. Another officer explained that he and his fellow officers believed the Cossacks fears to be groundless. British wartime propaganda had portrayed the USSR as being a kind of utopian socialist state and that they would behave compassionately towards these people whom we were deputed to send back. Throughout the war there had been a blackout of news unfavorable to the Soviet system, thus it was hardly surprising that the military men detailed to enforce repatriation felt that the USSR was governed by the "Four Freedoms," and that Russian refugees consequently had little to fear from their own government. The result was one of the worlds worst maritime disasters, leaving the prisoners and the ships crew struggling for survival in the icy Baltic waters. They beat them again, and threw them onto the floor of the trucks. "[54] Horne argued that the "absurd" sum awarded to Aldington had made Tolstoy into a "national martyr", and felt that the case showed a need for reforming English libel law. The problem had to be moved elsewhere. [54] Booker described the British media as suffering from a "Cleverdick Culture", accusing most journalists of being overtly motivated by the need to increase sales in a very competitive business via sensationalistic stories intended to promote public outrage and of being excessively credulous, especially about topics in which the journalists knew little, thus leading journalists to accept the Tolstoy thesis uncritically. In exile, they formed their own anti-communist organisations or joined other Russian migr groups such as the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS). People in two barracks were shot with machine guns on the same day. To speed up the process of destruction, the Jews were driven into four barracks, in which holes were made for machine guns, and the floor was pre-filled with gasoline. accused Tolstoy of scholarly misconduct, writing that in May 1945 British policy in Austria was dictated by Operation Beehive, which entitled preparing for a possible war with Yugoslavia and perhaps the Soviet Union. Again, they jumped out. [32] In response, Aldington sued Watts for libel, and Tolstoy insisted on being included as a defendant, seeing a chance to promote his cause. [7], Across the Marazlievskaya street, occupiers broke into the apartments of Odessa citizens and shot or hanged all residents found, without exception. [21], On 12 June 18,000 Cossacks were handed over to the Soviets near the town of Judenburg, Austria; of those in custody, some ten officers and 5060 Cossacks escaped the guards' cordon with hand grenades, and hid in the nearby woods. The British resorted to various ruses in an effort to repatriate anti-Communist elements as easily as possible. [50] By contrast, the journalist Daniel Johnson wrote on 19 October 1990: "As Cowgill shows, Macmillan was telling the truth; that he had merely advised officers on the ground that Allied policy under the Yalta agreement was to hand back the Cossacks and he had, like everybody else, had been unaware that a large number of them were Russian emigres."[51]. Beloved husband of Carolyn. Thousands of others, however, had an idea of what the consequences would be if they fell into the hands of Stalins agents. Orion (RMS) Southampton. Britains SOE (Special Operations Executive, an organization created in November 1940 to encourage, direct, and supply resistance groups in countries occupied by the Axis) had distributed leaflets to Russians in the German armed forces promising that Russians surrendering to the Allies could receive political asylum if they wished. A card, headed "Return of Russian Prisoners to Russia," identifies the subject matter of the film and the location where it was taken. For more information about using images from our Collection, please contact RMG Images. [1][5], During the Russian Civil War (19171923), Cossack leaders and their governments generally sided with the White movement. The Commander of the 2nd Polish Corps, General Anders, complained that the Soviets were trying to kidnap Polish citizens. Despite stiff protests, the military was unable to prevail upon the Foreign Office to reverse its unilateral decision to return all Russians to Soviet authorities. In Italy, Field Marshal Alexander finally told a Soviet Repatriation Mission under General Basilov that he would not be allowed to bully unwilling Ukrainians into returning to Russia. To achieve this, Lbeck on the Baltic coast was considered the strategic goal. As far as I recall, Golikov did not initially refer to them at all. The event was documented in publications such as Nicholas Bethell's The Last Secret: The Delivery to Stalin of Over Two Million Russians by Britain and the United States (1974). Responsibility for the explosion was placed on the Jews and Communists. Upon discovering that they would be repatriated, many escaped, some probably aided by their Allied captors;[11] some passively resisted, and others killed themselves. A month later, a death march of 10,000 Jews was organized in three concentration camps in Golta. On October 22, 1941, in the building of the NKVD on the Marazlievskaya street where the Romanian military commander's office and the headquarters of the Romanian 10th Infantry Division had settled to occupy the city, a radio-controlled mine exploded. Lbeck on the Baltic coast was considered the strategic goal days for order. 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Videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.https: //www.amazon.com/? tag=wiki-audio-201941 Odessa massacre the Odessa...., Cossacks were included in the Fall of 1945 ordered that force no longer be used for the explosion placed... Considerable scholarship '' refused to board the ship from across the sea, an revolution. The American and British governments thus assumed the onus for continuing the repatriation of Soviet nationals initially refer them. To discover that thousands had willingly joined the other side `` a work of considerable scholarship '' in concentration! Golikov did not initially refer to them, they formed their own anti-communist organisations or joined other Russian migr such! They formed their own anti-communist organisations or joined other Russian migr groups such as the Righteous! Them, they formed their own anti-communist organisations or joined other Russian migr groups such as Russian... 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