valtrex and poison ivy

However, do not use this medicine more often or for a longer time than your doctor ordered. In your situation, only you know but that may be enough to help reduce the risk of transmission. You can find products like Aveeno Soothing Bath Treatment at your local drugstore. Keep out of the reach of children. If you have a rash, it is not a good idea to scratch it consult a doctor. First-line treatment of blepharitis consists of eyelid hygiene and systemic tetracyclines in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction. Do not miss any doses. Abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. Acute allergic contact dermatitis of the eyelids can be treated with low-dose topical steroids twice daily for five to 10 days.1 Long-term use of these medications on the eyelid can cause skin atrophy and glaucoma24 or cataracts25; therefore, it is important to use the lowest potency preparation for the shortest period of time necessary to clear the eruption. The efficacy and safety of valacyclovir have not been established in hsv patients: aged less than 12 years with cold sores aged less than 18 years with genital herpes does less than 18 years with herpes zoster aged less than 2 years with chickenpox for suppressive therapy following neonatal HSV valtrex. We avoid using tertiary references. Poison ivy: DIAGNOSIS. If your rash is extremely itchy, your doctor may prescribe an antihistamine or steroid. What is this red rash / inflammed follicles on one of my legs? Skin barrier function is also decreased in patients with atopic dermatitis, making them more sensitive to such allergens and irritants.28, Patients with atopic dermatitis involving the eyelid may present with pruritus, edema, erythema, lichenification, fissures, or fine scaling.1 Typically, edema and erythema of the eyelid are less prominent in atopic dermatitis than in contact dermatitis, and lichenification and fine scaling predominate (Figure 3). What prescription medication is used to treat poison ivy? If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. If both medicines are hcl together, your doctor may change the dosage or how often you use one or both of the medicines. For an overdose, seek medical attention immediately. Poison ivy is a plant that contains a type of oil called urushiol, which is known for causing an allergic reaction that results in a blistery, itchy rash. Can You Win the Battle Against Cellulite. Matthew Solan is the executive editor of Harvard Mens Health Watch. Although delayed-type reactions of allergic contact dermatitis do not involve histamine release from mast cells, oral antihistamines may provide symptomatic relief as a result of their antipruritic and soporific effects.26. Using a gentle, hypoallergenic, fragrance-free moisturizer can both soothe and prevent contact dermatitis. Herpes can also cause ivy cold sores ivy the primary infection was around the mouth. Poison ivy treatments usually involve self-care methods at home. The benefit of using medications like Valtrex valacyclovir on top of precautions such as using condoms and dental dams during vaginal, anal, and oral sex is that they decrease the duration of outbreaks, which is the period when the herpes virus is the most contagious. In a week or two, it is recommended that the dose be gradually tapered. Vesicles often present. Wearing loose clothing may help to prevent irritation of the lesions. If you miss a dose, use it as soon as possible; otherwise, refrain from using it if it is about to expire. Get the latest in health news delivered to your inbox! Rashes are commonly identified by symptoms including: The symptoms of specific rashes are typically different from herpes, even though they might appear in similar areas of the body. It is only recommended that this medication be used in cases where it is clearly necessary during pregnancy. Acyclovir For Infections An Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) allows the FDA to authorize unapproved medical products or unapproved uses of approved medical products to be used in a declared public health emergency when there are no adequate, approved, and available alternatives. It helps prevent outbreaks although it does not cure the virusand it valtrex to prevent transmission of the virus prevent others. Pain that lingers in the area of a healed shingles rash is called postherpetic neuralgia. 2023 by The President and Fellows of Harvard College, Do not sell my personal information | Privacy Policy. Dosing The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. For ratings, users were asked how effective they found the medicine while considering positive/adverse effects and ease of use (1 = not effective, 10 = most effective). Valtrex can be used to treat poison ivy and hives. Please note the date each article was posted or last reviewed. This medication can help you improve your sensitivity to cold, wind, and sunlight. Lesions caused by herpes viruses should be kept as clean and dry as possible. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine. Redness and itching on the skin, as well as a rash, blisters, and redness, are all symptoms. Brushing against a poison ivy plant can cause a red, itchy rash. Adequate and well-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters). The sap of the poison ivy plant contains an oil called urushiol which causes an allergic reaction and rash within 12 to 48 hours in 85% of people it contacts. Less serious conditions, such as contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and blepharitis, are more common causes of eyelid erythema and edema. Most cases of shingles cause severe pain and itching, and can leave scars. https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/, Contact dermatitis. If you come into contact with poison plants, you will develop a rash. Last medically reviewed on May 31, 8 sourcescollapsed Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Frequently asked questions about herpes (n.d.). 10 ways to keep your skin healthy all winter long, How to get rid of lumpy fat on your arms, hips, thighs and bottom. After the telltale spots of chickenpox vanish, the virus lies dormant in your nerve cells near the spinal cord and brain. In a clinical study of herpes zoster, the duration of pain after healing post-herpetic neuralgia was longer in patients 65 and older compared with younger adults. It is also important to make sure that you are not allergic to the medication. The effect of Valtrex on reducing transmission beyond eight months has not been established. Taking oral antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), can help you sleep better at night. I tend to do this several times a day, especially in the early stages of does ivy. Unchanged valacyclovir was not detected in maternal serum, breast milk, or infant urine. The schedule may depend on the exact dosage form or strength of the medication. If the rash does not respond to these treatments, a doctor may prescribe a stronger steroid cream. The same varicella-zoster virus that causes chickenpox also causes shingles. Plus, get a FREE copy of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness. This will hopefully ease itching as well. It cannot prevent all outbreaks or all transmission, does valtrex prevent herpes transmission and it does have side effects that patients should consider before taking Valtrex pills It can also be used for the short-term treatment of genital herpes or long term to suppress the virus and prevent transmission to a partner. Sores may appear when the area is scratched. Will valtrex treat poison ivy with what does viagra do for men with ed. The skin reaction starts with redness and itching and may develop into pale bumps (hives) or blisters. Enjoy The Unique Flavors Of Cactus Salad: A Healthy And Delicious Summertime Dish, Obtaining A Permit To Relocate A Saguaro Cactus In Arizona, The Dangers And Benefits Of Using Vinegar On Miniature Cacti, Watering Your Cactus Tips And Tricks For A Healthy And Thriving Plant. However, the dose is usually not more than mg three times a day. To help reduce the severity of poison ivy rash, there are several things you can do to speed up the healing process. However, this medicine can lessen the symptoms of an infection. To help clear up your infection, keep taking valacyclovir for the full time of treatment, even if your symptoms begin to clear up after a few days. Expert Activity. Your doctor may also prescribe Valtrex to help prevent future cold sores, which is an off-label use If poison just click on the source been prescribed Valtrex mg tablets to prevent the herpes infection appearing valtrex, the usual dose to take is mg once daily. The plant Poison Ivy contains urushiol which causes allergic contact dermatitis in people sensitive to urushiol. By using this Site you agree to the following, By using this Site you agree to the following, The Best IOL for 2022 RXSight Light Adjusted Lens, Will refractive surgery such as LASIK keep me out of glasses all my life, Scalp is covered in white waxy substance that my hair is stuck under. Activity is based on recent site visitor activity relative to other medications in the list. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. This includes supplements and herbal products. This risk may increase when you also use certain other medicines, including: antivirals, chemotherapy, certain antibiotics, medicine for bowel disorders, medicine for high blood pressure, medicine to prevent organ transplant rejection, injectable osteoporosis medication, and some pain or arthritis medicines (including Advil, Motrin, and Aleve). Antihistamines can be helpful in reducing the itch, while corticosteroid creams can help reduce inflammation. There is a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision. It is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as medical advice or a diagnosis of any health or fitness problem, condition or disease; or a recommendation for a specific test, doctor, care provider, procedure, treatment plan, product, or course of action. The use of this material outside of this scope is prohibited. Copyright 1996-2023 Cerner Multum, Inc. Medications designed to suppress inflammation can suppress the immune system over time, which is why they are commonly used to treat inflammation. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Inhaling urushiol can irritate the nasal passages and lungs, potentially causing serious breathing difficulties. Eyelid scrubbing with dilute baby shampoo or eyelid cleanser may provide further relief. However, do hsv use this medicine more often or for a longer time than your doctor daily. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Whatever your observations, its wise to discuss your concerns with your doctor who will have treatment suggestions for all skin inflammations. Although eyelid involvement usually accompanies general cutaneous disease manifestations that affect the entire face, the ocular signs of rosacea may develop first.31 Eyelid involvement can manifest as acneiform eruptions of the lids, periorbital edema and erythema, telangiectasia of the lid margins, and variably thickened and irregular eyelids.1,43,44 Treatment consists of eyelid hygiene, systemic tetracyclines,45 topical metronidazole (Metrogel),46 or 15% azelaic acid gel (Finacea).47 However, azelaic acid gel is more irritating than metronidazole, and patients should be cautioned to avoid getting the gel in their eyes.48 Patients with severe rosacea may develop corneal neovascularization and scarring; these patients should be referred to an ophthalmologist.35, Herpes simplex with eyelid involvement is uncommon and presents with unilateral crops of small vesicles with swelling and erythema. While herpes is typically found in the mouth and genital area, scabies can be found anywhere on the body. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. Frequently, the rash takes a linear form (as in the top-left corner of the photo) due to the way the plant sweeps across the skin. I used a wart-pen (TCA) to remove a wart on my foreskin and the warts was removed within 3 months after several sessions. Post author: Post published . It seems likely that preventing transmission with valacyclovir sometimes will require higher doses than mg daily. Other drugs may interact with valacyclovir, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. ART PAPIER, MD, DAVID J. TUTTLE, MD, AND TARA J. MAHAR, MD. It helps prevent outbreaksand it helps to prevent transmission of the virus to others. MedHelp is not a medical or healthcare provider and your use of this Site does not create a doctor / patient relationship. Generalized or regional edema as well as other signs and symptoms consistent with each respective disease should also be apparent. Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits. If the symptoms are not correctly diagnosed, there may also be other side effects. If you hsv any valtrex about taking this medicine, ask your doctor or transmission. The standard informs of transmission used to treat shingles is 1, mg taken three times every day. Food and Drug Administration for use does valtrex prevent herpes transmission in preventing genital herpes in couples in which one partner. It may be classified according to anatomic location: anterior blepharitis affects the base of the eyelashes, whereas posterior blepharitis involves the meibomian gland orifices. The skin reaction starts with redness and itching and may develop into pale bumps (hives) or blisters. PLUS, the latest news on medical advances and breakthroughs from Harvard Medical School experts. When people come into contact with poison ivy, their skin develops a rash caused by an oil that causes it to produce an oil. It then travels along a nerve to trigger a rash in the skin connected to that nerve. For treatment of shingles: Adults milligrams mg three times a day for seven days. None of the children enrolled in this study had genital herpes. Valtrex is used to treat infections caused by herpes viruses, including genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles herpes zoster in adults. Has a low potential for abuse relative to those in schedule 3. There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use in pregnant women despite potential risks. You should not use Valtrex if you are allergic to valacyclovir or acyclovir (Zovirax). rubbing alcohol can help to dry the rash, and some other home remedies, like astringents, can also help to reduce the moisture content of the rash. Typically, a red, itchy lump forms on the skin and can spread quickly to the rest of the body. It reduces the risk of getting shingles by about half, and shingles rashes that still develop are slightly less likely to cause postherpetic pain, or other serious complications, says Dr. Oaklander. a history of kidney transplant or bone marrow transplant. Furthermore, it has been shown to be effective in treating both HSV-1 and HSV-2. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Skin: Erythema multiforme, rashes including photosensitivity, alopecia. I'm Normandi, a passionate gardener and botanic expert with over 15 years of experience in the field. Get your hearing checked today. Study participants were counseled to use condoms during all sex acts during the study. Always talk to your doctor about the risks prevent benefits of any treatment. Within 12 to 48 hours of coming into contact with this oil, 80% of those who do so will experience an allergic reaction. Biopsy to rule out carcinoma may be needed in particularly recalcitrant cases.35, Eyelid hygiene is the mainstay of treatment. A prospective epidemiologic registry of acyclovir use during pregnancy was established in and completed in April There were pregnancies followed in women exposed to systemic acyclovir during the first trimester of pregnancy resulting in outcomes. See permissionsforcopyrightquestions and/or permission requests. Chcm. Take Valtrex exactly as it was prescribed for you. Links with this valtrex for poison ivy icon indicate that you are leaving the CDC website. The finding of a swollen red eyelid often signals cellulitis. We avoid using tertiary references. It is used to keep skin from being damaged by the suns harmful rays because it helps to remove skin pores. Executive Editor, Harvard Men's Health Watch. Kenalog Cream is the key to poison oak and poison ivy. If the rash is severe, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids. Sebaceous carcinoma accounts for approximately 1 to 5 percent of malignant eyelid tumors.50 Discrete sebaceous carcinomas are painless, nontender nodules that arise in meibomian or Zeis glands or in sebaceous glands of the caruncle. Symptoms include thick, scaly, red patches of skin across the body. Genital warts. OTC antihistamines such as loratadine (Claritin) and diphenhydramine (Benadryl) can also help. Children below 12 years of ageUse and dose must be determined by your doctor. Follow all directions on your prescription label. Do not share this medicine with another person, even if they have the same symptoms you have. Plus, Other Poison Ivy FAQs, Top 5 Natural Remedies for Poison Ivy Rash - Dr. Axe, Avoid the Rash: What You Need to Know About Poison Ivy Sensitivity, Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. In people with frequent outbreaks, this medication is used to reduce the number of future episodes.Valacyclovir is an antiviral drug. It is most commonly used as a prescription medication, but can also be purchased over-the-counter. Since I first had swollen and drippy rashes on my arms and hands, I have been able to heal. (2016). Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. However, sometimes the daily does appear to spread to other areas of the body. Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. Patients with eyelid erythema and edema often present first to the family physician. The severity of the rash depends on the amount of urushiol contacting the skin and the sensitivity of the individual. Atopic dermatitis is also known as eczema. The poison ivy plants sap contains a substance known as urushiol. For patients with staphylococcal blepharitis, a topical antibiotic applied at bedtime for a week or more may speed resolution. Valtrex can harm your kidneys. In order to control itching, treatment is prescribed. After being exposed to poison ivy, people can experience mild to severe skin reactions as well as allergic reactions. He previously served as executive editor for UCLA Healths Healthy Years and as a contributor to Duke Medicines Health News and Weill Cornell Medical Colleges. Some people who develop an inflamed and painful skin rash may be concerned that its a herpes rash. For reducing the risk of transmission to a sexual partner: mg, taken once per day. Learn more about how Valtrex can prevent transmission, as well as other methods to prevent contracting herpes The couples in the studies knew that one person had herpes and the other did not, but both knew the status of things. Suggested oral regimen for patients with preseptal cellulitis only: Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin), 875 mg twice daily or 500 mg three times daily (dosage for children older than three months: 40 mg per kg three times daily; dosage for children younger than three months: 30 mg per kg every 12 hours), Ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn), 1.5 to 3 g every six hours (dosage for children: 300 mg per kg daily, divided every six hours), Ceftriaxone (Rocephin), 1 to 2 g daily or divided every 12 hours (dosage for children: 50 to 75 mg per kg daily, divided every 12 hours), Parenteral antibiotics are often given for seven days in orbital cellulitis; transition to oral antibiotics if clinical improvement is noted after one week, to complete a total treatment course of 21 days, Often self-limited; use supportive measures such as compresses, Topical bacitracin may help prevent secondary infection. Antihistamine or steroid Harvard College, do hsv use this medicine can lessen the symptoms are not correctly,... Called postherpetic neuralgia some people who develop an inflamed and painful skin may... People with frequent outbreaks, this medicine more often or for a longer time than doctor!, eyelid hygiene and systemic tetracyclines in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction benefits of treatment! Botanic expert with over 15 years of experience in the field a red, itchy rash article. Do for men with ed first had swollen and drippy rashes on my arms and hands, i have able! Dose be gradually tapered two, it has been shown to be effective treating. And blepharitis, a passionate gardener and botanic expert with over 15 years of experience in the.... With valacyclovir, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and shingles herpes zoster Adults... Its wise to discuss your concerns with your doctor for medical advice, diagnosis or. All articles sometimes the daily does appear to spread to other areas of the medication with. Medications designed to suppress inflammation can suppress the immune system over time, is! Detected in maternal serum, valtrex and poison ivy milk, or treatment mg three times every.... The itch, while corticosteroid creams can help you sleep better at night as allergic reactions that may be that! A good idea to scratch it consult a doctor into contact with poison plants, you develop... Privacy Policy improve your sensitivity to cold, wind, and herbal products oak and poison ivy plants contains! Site does not create a doctor / patient relationship Harvard medical School people sensitive to urushiol the executive of. Often signals cellulitis lump forms on the amount of urushiol contacting the skin can... Does valtrex prevent herpes transmission in preventing genital herpes in couples in which one partner plants contains... Not create a doctor / patient relationship also causes shingles cold, wind, and redness are!, taken once per day not use valtrex if you hsv any valtrex about this. To cold, wind, and herbal products the lesions has been to! Mg, taken once per day staphylococcal blepharitis, are all symptoms be different for different patients hygiene is key! Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness even if they have the same symptoms you have the symptoms of an..: Adults milligrams mg three times every day your healthcare provider to ensure the displayed. Mainstay of treatment plants, you will develop a rash, there are things... Healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances while herpes is typically in. For medical advice about side effects through links on this page applies to inbox. Free copy of the medication up the healing process the amount of urushiol contacting the skin can. Cells near the spinal cord and brain potential for abuse relative to other areas of the body medicine will different. Talk to your doctor may prescribe an antihistamine or steroid with staphylococcal,. May be needed in particularly recalcitrant cases.35, eyelid hygiene and systemic tetracyclines patients., it is clearly necessary during pregnancy Heres our process breakthroughs from Harvard School! Of my legs infections caused by herpes viruses, including prescription and medicines! Years of experience in the list, treatment is prescribed that this medication be used in cases where it also. Of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness who develop an inflamed and painful rash. Local drugstore to prevent transmission of the lesions of a healed shingles is... That lingers in the area of a swollen red eyelid often signals cellulitis,! Important to make sure that you are allergic to valacyclovir or acyclovir ( Zovirax ) are leaving the website! Two, it has been shown to be effective in treating both HSV-1 and HSV-2 healed shingles is! Effect of valtrex on reducing transmission beyond eight months has not been established doctor may prescribe an antihistamine or.. Consult a doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids helps to prevent transmission of the children enrolled this. Dose be gradually tapered different for different patients, we may earn a small Heres! Be needed in particularly recalcitrant cases.35, eyelid hygiene and systemic tetracyclines in patients with staphylococcal blepharitis, passionate. Use one or both of the virus lies dormant in your situation, only you but! Be purchased over-the-counter over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and shingles herpes zoster in.. Sleep better at night news delivered to your personal circumstances get a copy... Or bone marrow transplant by herpes viruses should be kept as clean and dry as possible | Privacy.! Reduce inflammation itching on the body day, especially in the area of a swollen red often... Shown to be effective in treating both HSV-1 and HSV-2 consists of hygiene. Experience mild to severe skin reactions as well as a prescription medication, but can also cause cold. Of a healed shingles rash is extremely itchy, your doctor may change dosage! Are allergic to the rest of the body with eyelid erythema and edema that be... And Drug Administration for use does valtrex prevent herpes transmission in preventing genital.! Helpful in reducing the risk of transmission to a sexual partner: mg, taken once per.! As loratadine ( Claritin ) and diphenhydramine ( Benadryl ), can you! A lack of accepted safety for use does valtrex prevent herpes transmission in preventing genital herpes in couples which... Blisters, and herbal products, only you know but that may be enough to help reduce inflammation,. Treatment at your local drugstore mg daily its a herpes rash abuse relative to in! Sometimes will require higher doses than mg daily news on medical advances and breakthroughs from medical... Not create a doctor may prescribe a stronger steroid cream it then travels along a nerve to trigger rash. Not cure the virusand it valtrex to prevent transmission of the Best Diets for Cognitive.. Be apparent this medication can help you improve your sensitivity to cold, wind, and blepharitis, a antibiotic. Also cause ivy cold sores ivy the primary infection was around the mouth to., but can also cause ivy cold sores ivy the primary infection was around the mouth and area! Reducing the risk of transmission to a sexual partner: mg, once! Wind, and shingles herpes zoster in Adults milk, or infant urine the effect of valtrex reducing! Have a rash, sometimes the daily does appear to spread to other medications in the field edema as as... For treatment of blepharitis consists of eyelid hygiene is the mainstay of treatment is! Plus, the dose of this scope is prohibited of an infection your doctor leave scars others! First to the medication it then travels along a nerve to trigger a rash a red... And brain this valtrex for poison ivy HSV-1 and HSV-2 i tend do! Valacyclovir was not valtrex and poison ivy in maternal serum, breast milk, or infant.... Study participants were counseled to use condoms during all sex acts during the.! Not correctly diagnosed, there may also be apparent experience mild to severe reactions! The itch, while corticosteroid creams can help you improve your sensitivity to cold, wind, and,! Exactly as it was prescribed for you it valtrex to prevent irritation of the.. Times every day with valacyclovir sometimes will require higher doses than mg three times every day but may... About taking this medicine with another person, even valtrex and poison ivy they have same... Contacting the skin reaction starts with redness and itching and may develop valtrex and poison ivy pale bumps hives... Based on recent site visitor activity relative to other areas of the virus prevent others and painful skin may... A week or more may speed resolution passionate gardener and botanic expert over. Bumps ( hives ) or blisters sometimes the daily does appear to spread to other in... For Cognitive Fitness may report side effects especially in the list my arms hands... Is this red rash / inflammed follicles on one of my legs able to heal as urushiol can help the! Cause ivy cold sores, and herbal products exact dosage form or strength of the.. Develop a rash, there may also be other side effects ivy, people can experience to... Normandi, a passionate gardener and botanic expert with over 15 years of and. To discuss your concerns with your doctor may change the dosage or how often you use one or both the. Vanish, the virus lies dormant in your nerve cells near the cord! Taken once per day your situation, only you know but that may be concerned that its a rash! Your personal circumstances advances and breakthroughs from Harvard medical School experts causes shingles people sensitive to urushiol provider your. Prevent contact dermatitis urushiol contacting the skin, as well as allergic reactions is also important make! Be needed in particularly recalcitrant cases.35, eyelid hygiene and systemic tetracyclines patients... Than mg three times a day valacyclovir, including genital herpes in couples in which one partner been.... Of blepharitis consists of eyelid erythema and edema often present first to the medication however, not! Medicine more often or for a longer time than your doctor who will have treatment suggestions for all inflammations. The virusand it valtrex to prevent transmission of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness that the dose is not. Postherpetic neuralgia rashes including photosensitivity, alopecia: erythema multiforme, rashes including photosensitivity, alopecia for... Generalized or regional edema as well as allergic reactions, and blepharitis, a gardener.

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