Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power Image management, or the attempt to manage the impact of ones image or impression on others, is all about attempting to manipulate the qualities that Weber called charisma. Society and Social Interaction, Chapter7. MacKinnon, Catherine. Canadas most famous incident of peacetime state of exception was Pierre Trudeaus use of the War Measures Act in 1970 during the October Crisis. Which sociologist is not associated with criticaltheory? C| 21. Before the internet, meetings of protestors led by dissidents like Foetus and Waterman often required participants to assemble in person, placing them at risk of being raided by government officials. Politics noun social relations involving authority or power Government noun These nodes include the dominant nationstates, supranational institutions (the UN, IMF, GATT, WHO, G7, etc.) Weber, Max. On the other hand, when the norms of the ideal speech situation are violated, the process of democratic will formation becomes distorted and open to manipulation. In what ways has the sovereignty of the state been undermined during the period of globalization? Introduction to Government and Politics, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/30/world/europe/30britain.html?_r=2, http://www.technologyreview.com/web/38379/, http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2011/05/06/civic-disobedience-and-the-arab-spring/, http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2011/07/25/against-the-state-part-3-1/, http://www.ghcisocialscience.com/uploads/1/3/5/9/13590293/political_engagement.pdf, http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20011102.htm, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/afghans-model-village-will-work-as-long-as-canadian-forces-stay-put/article4288884/, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v24/n10/slavoj-zizek/are-we-in-a-war-do-we-have-an-enemy, http://thetyee.ca/Opinion/2014/01/18/Neil-Young-Stephen-Harper/, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/, http://www2.samaracanada.com/downloads/ItsMyParty.pdf, http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/jennifer-a-smith/trudeau-boxing_b_1399696.html, http://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2014/08/03/ottawas_spin_doctor_payroll_rivals_that_of_the_commons.html, https://www.flickr.com/photos/37514330@N00/5379184204, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/, https://www.flickr.com/photos/westannexnews/10473990843/, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Weber_-_Politik_als_Beruf_Seite_!1.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acropolis.JPG, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leviathan_by_Thomas_Hobbes.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Imagination_Graphique_05_SS.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_Trudeau_B%26W.jpg?uselang=en-gb, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:INC_2009_Justin_Trudeau.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proudhon_frontal.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Attentat_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_Terminus.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en, https://www.flickr.com/photos/121483302@N02/14502469256/, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EC_2012-07-30.b1_IMG_0003-V.2.jpg, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Talcott-Parsons.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michel_Foucault.jpg, https://www.flickr.com/photos/itzafineday/2199802743/, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/, Introduction to Sociology - 1st Canadian Edition, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Define and differentiate between government, power, and authority, Identify and describe the three types of authority, Explain the significance of the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy, Describe the dynamic of political demand and political supply in determining the democratic will of the people, Identify and describe factors of political exception that affect contemporary political life, Understand how functionalists, critical sociologists, and symbolic interactionists view government and politics. Oakland, CA. The appeal of a charismatic leader can be extraordinary, inspiring followers to make unusual sacrifices or to persevere in the midst of great hardship and persecution. (Of course all citizens, for the Greeks, meant all adult men and excluded women, children, and slaves.). Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri. 19. Schmitt eventually applied this principle to justify the German National Socialist Partys suspension of the Weimar constitution in 1933, as well as the Fhrerprinzip (principle of absolute leadership) that characterized the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. Therefore, power is not in principle domination. Ottawas spin doctor payroll rivals that of the Commons. Toronto Star. 2008. Acropolis in Athens by Adam L. Clevenger(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acropolis.JPG) used under CC BY SA 2.5 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en), Figure 17.7. Clearly not all or even most anarchists advocated violence in this manner, but it was widely recognized that the hierarchical structures and institutions of the old society had to be destroyed before the new society could be created. 17.3. Britains Queen Elizabeth, for instance, occupies a position that she inherited based on the traditional rules of succession for the monarchy,a form of government in which a single person, or monarch, rules until that individual dies or abdicates the throne. 1. Governance is actually directing and administering the affairs of the nation. The abstractness of Parsonss language is both a strength and weakness of the functionalist approach to government and the state. Images that represent the power and authority of Canadainclude the Parliament Buildings, the beaver, and the Canadianflag. The concept of politics as exception has its roots in the origins of sovereignty (Agamben, 1998). Sometimes one group wins, sometimes another. On a smaller scale, albeit with global implications, U.S. President George Bushs 2001 military order thatauthorized the trial by military tribunal and indefinite detention of unlawful combatants and individuals suspected of being involved in terrorist activities enableda similar suspension of constitutional and international laws. 1968. [T]he state protects male power [by] appearing to prohibit its excesses when necessary to its normalization (MacKinnon 1989, p. 167). ), citizenship(the internalized sense of individual dignity, rights, and freedom that accompanies formal membership in the political community), and the public sphere (or open space for public debate and deliberation). Pierre-Jospeh Proudhon(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proudhon_frontal.jpg) is in public fomain, Figure 17.12. How are politics and governance interrelated? B| 5. Essays on Freedom and Power. Webers answer is based on a distinction between the concepts of power and authority. Social Movements and Social Change, 17.3. In a nation with a strong capacity for media censorship, social sites provided an opportunity for citizens to circumvent authoritarian restrictions (Zuckerman 2011). Firstly, in the era of globalization and free trade agreements people (both workers and managers) who work in and identify with sectors of the economy that are exposed to international competition (non-quota agriculture, manufacturing, natural resources, finances) are likely to favour free market policies that are seen to enhance the global competitiveness of these sectors, while those who work in sectors of the economy sheltered from international competition (public-service sector, education, and some industrial, agricultural and commercial sectors) are likely to favour redistributive policies. Power in this sense is the power we think of when we speak of an ability to do or create somethinga potential. In fact, the wars were not unprecedented. April 18. Revolutions are thus to be distinguished from insurrections, rebellions, revolts, coups, and wars of independence (Huntington 1968, p. 264). We might also point to the distortions that a valuing ofcharisma introduces into the contemporary political process. Letters to a Frenchman on the Present Crisis. Pp. 77-128) in Gerth and Mills From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (NY: Oxford University Press). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. In his lecture Politics as a Vocation, he argues, The decisive means for politics is violence (Weber1919b, p. 121). Canada 2011 Federal Election (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg) is in CC BY SA 2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed.en), Figure 17.16. The film may be seen as a science fiction allegory of any number of contemporary cycles of violence, including the 2014 Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which was concurrent with the films release. 17. The underlying norm of the democratic process is what Habermas (1990) calls the ideal speech situation. As we noted above, power relationships refer in general to a kind of strategic relationship between rulers and the ruled: a set of practices by which states seek to govern the life of their citizens, managers seek to control the labour of their workers, parents seek to guide and raise their children, dog owners seek to train their dogs, doctors seek to manage the health of their patients, chess players seek to control the moves of their opponents, individuals seek to keep their own lives in order, etc. Eisenberg, Andrew. The De-Centring of the State: Terrorism, War, Empire, and Political Exceptionalism, 17.4. Foucault (1980a) argues that the focus on the state as a site of centralized power, allow[s] a system of right to be superimposed upon the mechanisms of discipline in such a way as to conceal its actual procedures, the element of domination inherent in its techniques, and to guarantee to everyone, by virtue of the sovereignty of the state, the exercise of his proper sovereign rights[T]his democratization of sovereignty [is] fundamentally determined by and grounded in mechanisms of disciplinary coercion (p.105). The De-Centring of the State: Terrorism, War, Empire, and Political Exceptionalism, 17.4. In this contract, individuals give up their natural rights to use violence to protect themselves and further their interests and cede them to a sovereign. Grasping the importance of power in politics is essential for a well-rounded understanding of world politics and international relations. However, in modern society it would also be fair to say that obedience is in large part a function of a customary or habitual orientation to conform, in that people do not generally question or think about the power relationships in which they participate. Pp 3-6. From the point of view of the system, an alternative normative order is inadmissible and must be either violently supressed or permitted to take responsibility for founding a new political organization of society. This possibility of the state of exception is built in to the structure of the modern state. Cambridge: MIT Press. In this case, the revolutionary action might be said to have originated in the way that Bouazizis act sparked a radicalization in peoples sense of citizenship and power: their internal feelings of individual dignity, rights, and freedom and their capacity to act on them. The concept of society itself, as a peaceable space of normative interaction, depends on this expulsion of violent conflict to the borders of society (Walker 1993). In the analysis of Nicos Poulantzas (1973), the state performs a key role in maintaining the integration of capitalist society, which is otherwise threatened by class conflict and even conflict within the capitalist class itself. Graham, Stephen. Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. 17.1. The implication of Hobbess analysis is that the people must acquiesce to the absolute power of a single sovereign or sovereign assembly, which, in turn, cannot ultimately be held to any standard of justice or morality outside of its own guarantee of order. Image Politics: The New Rhetoric of Environmental Activism. In Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014), the post-apocalyptic narrative of brewing conflict between the apesdescendants of animal experimentation and genetic manipulationand the remaining humanssurvivors of a human-made ape virus pandemicfollows a familiar political story line of mistrust, enmity, and provocation between opposed camps. Max Weber studied power and authority, differentiating between the two concepts and formulating a system for classifying types of authority: traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic. have to be challenged from the point of view of womens concrete experience of everyday sexual inequality. Are we in a war? 1971. Three Normative Models of Democracy. Pp. One central tenet of the apes moral identity was that ape does not kill ape, unlike the humans whose society disintegrated into violent conflict following the global pandemic. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Retrieved August 15, 2014, from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/afghans-model-village-will-work-as-long-as-canadian-forces-stay-put/article4288884/. The distortions that intrude into the processes of representative democracyfor example, whose interests really get represented in government policy?are no doubt behind the famous comment of the former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill who once declared to the House of Commons, Indeed it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time (Shapiro 2006). Retrieved July 18, 2014, from http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2011/07/25/against-the-state-part-3-1/. Which of the followingstatements represent a symbolic interactionist perspective on the state? B| 14. 2008 (1832). The typical headman structure in hunter-gatherer societies is a mechanism of collective decision making in which the headman takes a leadership role, but only on the provisional basis of his recognized prestige, his ability to influence or persuade, and his attunement with the groups desires. C | 2. Foraging societies had no formal state institution, and prior to the modern age, feudal Europe was divided into a confused patchwork of small overlapping jurisdictions. Prior to 1867, most of the colonized territory that became Canada was owned by one of the earliest corporations: the Hudsons Bay Company. The De-Centring of the State: Terrorism, War, Empire, and Political Exceptionalism It was through the inspiration of a charismatic leader that people found something to believe in, and thereby change could be introduced into the system of continuous bureaucratic administration. The weakness in Parsonss abstraction is that it allows functionalists to speak about functions and needs from the point of view of the system as if the system had an independent or neutral existence. Overall, symbolic interactionists are not interested in large structures such as the government or the state as if they existed independently of the ongoing interactions that constitute them. The key point that Goffman makes is that ones identity, face, or impression is not something intrinsic to the individual but is a social phenomenon, radically in the hands of others. Congress is putting the spotlight on the strategic relationship between the U.S. and China. As opposed to right-wing libertarianism, the anarchist tradition argued that the conditions for a cooperative, egalitarian society were the destruction of both the power of the state and of private property (i.e., capital). 2004. United Nations. The dynamics ofpolitical supplyin political party competition follow from the way political parties try to position themselves along the spectrum to maximize the number of voters they appeal to while remaining distinct from their political competitors. War is defined as a form of organized group violence between politically distinct groups. This is because our conventional understanding of power is that one person or one group of people has power over another. As a result of the formation of this type of global empire, war, for example, is increasingly not fought between independent sovereign nation-states but increasingly as a kind of internal police action in which several statesor coalitions of the willingintervene on humanitarian or security grounds to suppress dissent in different parts of the globe. As many commentators have noted, Canadas relationship to military action has shifted during the Afghan operation from its Lester Pearson era of peacekeeping to a more militant stance in line with the normalization of militarization (Dyer 2014). Charismatic leaders are among the most fascinating figures in history. 10. These views are not mutually exclusive. 1995. In this school, the meaning of the state andpolitics emerges through processes of communicative interaction. 2000. Table 17.1. The Emergence of Greek Democracy. There has been considerable disagreement among sociologists about the nature of power, politics, and the role of the state in society. : Blackwell. Democracy however is not a static political form. The question of why the state exists has been answered in a variety of different ways by critical sociologists. The legitimate monopoly on the use of force within a territory, The suspension of laws to respond to crisis, Aperiod when states are not at war or threatened by terrorist violence, The use of tear gas to suppress public looting, The use of violence by non-state actors to achieve political ends, The use of secretive security agencies to assassinate leaders of foreign governments, The indiscriminate destruction of civilian property to attain military objectives, Perpetuated by the military-industrial complex, Aform of organized group violence between politically distinct groups, The inevitable product of the modern state system, The continuation of politics by other means, Awar thatis disproportionately fought by both sides using advanced weaponry like unmanned drones instead of having boots on the ground, Awar using guerilla tactics against superior forces, Awar between nation-states of different sizes, Atheoretical war using computer simulations to predict outcomes, Irresolvable conflict between the Governor General and the Canadian Parliament, Areferendum in which Quebecers voted on withdrawing from the Canadian state. 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