Margaret Pole was the daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV, and a leading figure in the Wars of the Roses. That was the beginning of Thomas Mores public career, and it was a telling one. [6] She remained there until she returned to favour when Henry VIII came to the throne in 1509. Her husbands career flourished. Cromwell was an astute politician whose beliefs changed at the whim of his royal master. Chapuys wrote two weeks after the execution that one hundred and fifty witnesses were present for the execution, including the Lord Mayor of London. Lewis, Jone Johnson. She was an apt enough pupil to later converse with visitors in Latin. This conviction meant they lost their titles and their landsmostly in the South of England--conveniently located to assist any invasion. In 1487, an imposter, Lambert Simmel, pretended to be her brother Edward, and was used to try to gather a rebellion against Henry VII. She was, Pierce says, intelligent, unquestionably virtuous, traditionally pious, and possessed an easy familiarity with the convoluted etiquette of a royal court. Although a jury of twelve men would have . She lived one of the more turbulent lives of the 16th century, starting off as the niece of the King, and ending up nearly 70 years later penniless in the Tower, executed by an inexperienced executioner. In 1886, 10 years after . Margaret reminded Reginald what they all owed to the Tudors, and urged him to give up his enterprise, to take another way and serve the king: his renegade actions, she said, had plunged her into grief and fear, and trust me, Reginald, there never went the death of thy father or of any child so nigh my heart. Thomas Cromwell, who spied efficiently on the whole family, tried to have Reginald abducted or assassinated. But for now he was out of Henrys reach, leaving his family as hostages. And so he was. He wore many hats: chief diplomat, speechwriter, advisor. Ursula married into the powerful Stafford family; of Margarets sons, only Reginald did not marry; by the age of seven he was given utterly to God. On 1 July 1535, he was indicted on high treason. by Susan Higginbotham. What a contemporary described as her nobility and goodness soon put her back in royal favour. But not before Lina imparted . Henry was negotiating a glorious marriage for Prince Arthur, to a daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Her father, Duke of Clarence and brother to Edward IV, switched sides several times during that long family battle over the crown of England. And when the English clergy were forced to acknowledge Henry as the supreme head of their church, More attempted to resign his office. "Margaret Pole, Tudor Matriarch and Martyr." Jan 2016 - Mar 20226 years 3 months. How to Be Tudor: Can a King Have Friends. Her first son, Henry Pole, was created Baron Montagu, another of the Neville titles, speaking for the family in the House of Lords. Richard Pole was appointed to the household of Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII and Prince of Wales, heir apparent. The alleged plot between the earl and Warbeck was flimsy and perhaps government-sponsored, but both men were tried and executed. Pole, Reginald (1500-58). 3. Their destruction came with a wave of arrests in the autumn of 1538. He sent envoys. In The Kings Curse (2014) she was ground up by the great fictionalising machine that is Philippa Gregory, and in 2003 she was the subject of a major biography by Hazel Pierce: Margaret Pole: Loyalty, Lineage and Leadership. He had a true gift for friendship and inspired deep loyalty amongst his family and friends. Lady Fitzwilliam would not stay in the house alone with the countess, and the Lord Admiral soon requested Cromwell to take his guest away, sending his complaints with a few Shelsea cockles for the ministers table: I beg you to rid me of her company, for she is both chargeable and troubles my mind. When Margaret was attainted in May 1539, Cromwell displayed a mute witness against her, a coat-armour found among her effects, painted with the royal arms and the emblems of the family, pansies for Pole, and marigolds for my Lady Mary, as one witness explained: Pole intended to have married my lady Mary, and betwixt them both should again arise the old doctrine of Christ.. Her maternal grandfather was killed fighting against her uncle, Edward IV, at the Battle of Barnet. In May 1515, More was sent to Bruges as part of a delegation arranged by Wolsey to revise an Anglo-Flemish commercial treaty. In 1886, Margaret would be beatified by Pope Leo XIII as a martyr to Henrys regime. It was, Henry told him, proof that his marriage to Katharine was incestuous due to her previous marriage to his brother. He impressed the cardinal enough that he was knighted upon his return and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer. Seldom distracted from voicing their headline concerns, her people give each other a lot of information, in unmodulated voices, each time they speak. On his accession he granted her an annuity of 100 a year and on 14 Oct 1513 he created her Countess of Salisbury and gave her the family lands of the earldom of Salisbury. International Intellectuals from England and Europe visited; More was a generous and kind host. On 14 November 1538, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was arrested. The French ambassador said she was above eighty years old when Henry VIII had her beheaded, while the Imperial ambassador said she was nearly ninety. And More was more convinced than ever that he needed to leave royal service. Was More surprised by this speech? After Richard III seized the throne, he sent Margaret to Yorkshire with her brother. Margaret Pole was restored to a position as lady-in-waiting, which helped her financial situation. Her daughter Ursula married the Duke of Buckingham's son, Henry Stafford, but after the Duke's fall, the couple were given only fragments of his estates. They were charged with treason. A possible portrait of Margaret Pole (c. 1535). Margaret kept silent on the matter. Some stories even claim this was at his own request, having been permitted to choose the manner of his execution. 28 Little Russell Street Eleanor was related through marriage to Lady Margaret Beaufort's extended family.) He did not share his opinion with the king. His spirits were high when visited by family and friends, though they were only permitted to see him if they took the Oath which he had refused. In Utopia, he identified himself as a citizen of London, and it was in London that he was born on 7 February 1477, the only surviving son of John More and his first wife, Agnes Graunger. Her father was Shakespeares false, fleeting, perjured Clarence, who died in the Tower of London at the age of 29, attainted for treason and supposedly drowned in a butt of malmsey. But and of course this clause was added simply to trap More the Act also required a repudiation of any foreign authority, prince or potentate. More could recognize Anne as the crowned queen of England. Margaret Pole was a pretty tough and clinical woman. Utopia is a complex and witty work which describes a city-state ruled entirely by reason. After his marriage to Anne Boleyn and the birth of their daughter, Elizabeth, Mary was sent to join the household of the infant princess. If, however, the subject lives a life of great extravagance, tell him he, too, can afford to give largely, the proof of his opulence being evident in his expenditure.. The skeleton was not complete, but part of the skull had survived, and certain other bones. The nun sought out eminent supporters, especially those who, like Margaret and like Gertrudes husband, had a claim to the throne, and pressed on them the contents of her visions: unless he went back to his wife and to Rome, Henry would expire in torments. Looking to her last end, Margaret commissioned a chantry at Christchurch Priory. After several months, he was visited by Cromwell, but More refused to engage him in debate and merely declared himself a faithful subject of the king. Lewis, Jone Johnson. Managed all schedules for company and . Investigating An Anemometer. His naivety meant that, when threats to the regime mounted, he was easily entrapped. Whether the countess was up to this is hard to say, but later the Imperial ambassador was to declare that Mary regarded her as a second mother. And the king was not pleased with the young lawyer; he promptly imprisoned Mores father in the Tower until he paid a substantial fine. Mortons tax philosophy was a marvel of inescapable logic: If the subject is seen to live frugally, tell him because he is clearly a money saver of great ability, he can afford to give generously to the King. My faithfulness stands fast and so, In 1520 Margaret was appointed governess to Henry's daughter Mary. Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon in 1509 and Margaret was again appointed as one of her ladies-in-waiting. Where is Hans Holbein when you need him? [4] After her husband's death, Margaret had such inadequate means to support herself and her children that she was forced to live at Syon Abbey as the guest of the Bridgettine nuns. [5] When Perkin Warbeck impersonated Edward IV's presumed-dead son, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, in 1499, Margaret's brother Edward was attainted and executed for involvement in the plot. . Marys food, Henry ordered, was to be served with joyous and merry communication. Thomas More was beheaded in 1535 for his refusal to accept the Acts of Supremacy and the Act of Succession (1534) of Henry VIII of England and swear allegiance to Henry as head of the English Church. In 1540, Cromwell fell from favour and was attainted and executed. No one would stage a rebellion in her favour while there were male Yorkists to mount a challenge. It is painted on a dateable oak panel, and the dates suit the presumed subject, but the artist is anonymous. He was Dean of Exeter and Wimborne Minster, Dorset, as well as a canon of York. This was not due to any dislike of the king. Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury (14 August 1473 28 May 1541), also called Margaret Pole, as a result of her marriage to Sir Richard Pole, was the only surviving daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III (all sons of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York), by his wife Isabel Neville. Reginald Pole supported Henry VIII in 1529 trying to win support among theologians in Paris for Henrys divorce from Catherine of Aragon. So yes, the Pole family were cousins to de la Pole family. Margaret's own favour at Court varied. Even special physicians summoned from Spain could not help the queen to conceive again. But he himself did not sign the letter in which most of Englands nobles and prelates petitioned the pope to declare the marriage unlawful. The new king married Margaret's cousin, Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter, and Margaret and her brother were taken into their care. More essentially argued that communal life is the only way to end the ill effects of self-interest on politics. Posted By Claire on May 27, 2012. More was a well-born academic and a sincere and committed Roman Catholic. A devoted Catholic, More refuses to sign Parliament's Act of Supremacy, which declares King Henry, and not the Pope, the Supreme Head of the new Church of England. In 1509, when Henry VIII came to the throne after his fathers death, he married his brothers widow, Catherine of Aragon. BORN: 1473. The reasons were various, but the most important was Katharines position as aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. Charles would not let his aunt be cast aside (he was also considering the dynastic appeal of her daughter with Henry), and he pressured the pope to deny Henrys petition. More was not a man to be broken by prison, but he suffered physically. According to the account, she turned her head "every which way", instructing the executioner that, if he wanted her head, he should take it as he could. Mores only communication with Barton had been to warn her against meddling in affairs of state. He moved into the Carthusian monastery adjoining Lincolns Inn and participated in the monks way of life as much as he could, while still pursuing his legal career. Gender: Male. Henry VII also decided, about that time, to marry the 15-year-old Margaret to his half-cousin, Sir Richard Pole. The king financed Richards funeral. May 28, 2015. Here is where it gets complicated. It states that Margaret refused to lay her head on the block, declaiming, "So should traitors do, and I am none". Henry VIII helped provide good marriages or religious offices for Margarets sons, and a good marriage for her daughter as well. [2] As one of the few members of the House of Plantagenet to have survived the Wars of the Roses, she was executed in 1541 at the command of King Henry VIII, the second monarch of the House of Tudor, who was the son of her first cousin, Elizabeth of York. Birth Country: United Kingdom. It is meant to contrast with the reality of European rule, divided by ideologies and greed and self-interest. Her life, marked by stunning reversals of fortune, is an irresistible subject, but it presents a familiar difficulty for the historian. Margaret was a daughter of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and Isabella Neville. Even as he secretly wore a hair shirt, he openly and consistently fasted, prayed, and maintained a relatively modest household. Susan Higginbothams carefully written book comes with a misleading cover puff: At last, a biography of one of the most fascinating women of the Tudor period, who has too long been overlooked. His desire for an annulment was now not merely to secure a legitimate heir; it was also spurred by his desire to marry Anne. When Henry imposed an oath which recognised him as head of the church in England, the countess and her household complied. And so he was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 17 April 1534. And so, when More returned from a diplomatic mission to France in summer 1527, the king laid the open Bible before his favorite councilor. [15][16], On the morning of 28 May 1541, Margaret was told she was to die within the hour. Her son Reginald described himself afterwards as son of a martyr and in 1886, Pope Leo XIII had Margaret Pole beatified as a martyr. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. It was sumptuously furnished and built of brick a modern material but moated, crenellated, archaic in form. After Katherina of Aragon's death, Princess Mary turned toward Margaret Pole as a second mother, and now her father was going to take away this beloved maternal figure from her as well. Margaret was not executed with her eldest son, but was held in the Tower for the last years of her life the king paying her bills, outfitting her as became a great lady in furred petticoats and a satin nightgown. Henry VII had controlled them first while her brother was a minor and then during his imprisonment; he later confiscated them after his trial. [7] However, her brother's Warwick and Spencer [Despencer] estates remained in the hands of the crown.[8]. When Richard Pole died in 1504 Margaret had had to borrow money to give him a suitable funeral. She is a close student of the sources, and careful not to stuff her novels with false excitements. He lived in relative poverty, for he held no office and relied solely upon the hundred pounds per annum he collected from a property rental. Born 14 August 1473, Margaret was one of the few Plantagenets who had survived the Wars of the Roses She was the mother of . Thomas More was born on 7 February 1478 in London, the son of a successful lawyer. Her son Arthur joined them, dying young, probably in the sweating sickness epidemic of 1528. The chronology defeated observers, as if her life stretched back into a fabulous era when dragons roamed. And her gender did not necessarily disqualify her from becoming leader of the opposition if that was what she chose. Please include name, address and a telephone number. He had several other livings, although he had not been ordained a priest. Eustace Chapuys, the imperial ambassador, recorded the Countess's execution in a letter to the Queen of Hungary: https://www.thoughtco.com/margaret-pole-tudor-matriarch-and-martyr-3530618 (accessed March 1, 2023). But he could not recognize the kings authority as head of the new church of England. Henrys adult opponents were dead or driven abroad. Margaret and Richard Pole had five children, born between about 1492 and 1504: four sons and the youngest a daughter. She served later as a governess to Mary. His natural piety was at odds with other courtiers, all of whom jockeyed ceaselessly for the kings favor. 83 ratings9 reviews. He handled his responsibilities with his usual skill, but it was a balancing act, and an increasingly dangerous one. Margarets daughter Ursula would have 13 children, and three of her four sons would marry heiresses and have large families. 1 Through his father he was descended from Edward III's son, Thomas of Woodstock, and his mother was Catherine Woodville, sister of Edward IV's queen, Elizabeth Woodville; she afterwards married Henry VII's uncle, Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford. When Arthur died in 1502, the Poles lost that position. Margaret's mother was the eldest daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. Likewise, Henry became understandably angry at the papacys refusal to repudiate Charles. There was a feeling in England that a new era had begun. It was the king who had paid for Reginalds education at Oxford and later in Italy, where his noble connections gave him the entre into the smartest humanist circles. But Margaret kept any dissident thoughts to herself, avoiding jeopardy until, in the summer of 1536, the actions of her son Reginald plunged her whole family into trouble. (Scientists aren't absolutely sure that people register no pain when the head is removed or that they lose consciousness instantaneously.) Nothing worked. It took the inexperience executioner a grand total of 11 swings to finally sever her head at the neck . It should be noted that Mores affinity for the monastic life never left him, despite his later marriages, family, and career. When not at Court, Margaret lived chiefly at Warblington Castle in Hampshire and Bisham Manor in Berkshire. We know her, as we know so many of her contemporaries, through her inventories, through legal documents and official letters. The main character is Joanna Stafford, a Dominican novice. Henry and others were executed, though Geoffrey was not. Put a different hood on her, and she could be a man one of her own Plantagenet relations. Arthur had been a courtier, an able jouster and a great favourite with Henry, serving in his privy chamber. With Margarets female peers, there is a gap between what they say and what they do, what they are and what they appear to be. ODNB, "Reginald Pole"; "Geoffrey Pole". Reginalds brother Geoffrey was in correspondence with Reginald, and Henry had Geoffrey Pole, Margarets heir, arrested in 1538 along with their brother Henry Pole and others. If you use any of the content on this page in your own work, please use the code below to cite this page as the source of the content. Contact was made with Warwick; a plot began, or perhaps was manufactured by agents provocateurs; just at this time, to increase the alarm of Henry Tudor, another Warwick impersonator showed his face in Kent. Inventories paint the picture: tableware of silver and gold, Venetian glass, mother-of-pearl, tapestries portraying the journeys of Ulysses and the discovery of Newfoundland; the countess herself, tall, stately, wears ermine, tawny damask, black satin and black velvet. This was partly due to Mores intellectual prominence; he was perhaps the most famous Englishman on the continent, with a wide and varied correspondence. Margaret was now fully under the king's will, with no title or lands to her name, she was to be styled simply as Margaret Pole. Elizabeth Darrell, later Thomas Wyatts mistress, refused the oath; Lady Hussey, wife of one of Marys household, was imprisoned because she would not accept Marys exclusion from the succession and insisted on addressing her as a princess. Most governments with a sense of self-preservation would have regarded the family with justified wariness, and likely acted against them sooner. There wasn't any "relationship" as such. Margaret's loyalty was to Katherine of Aragon and to her daughter Princess Mary to whom she was governess and godmother. But his older brother perished and the younger brother was crowned at 18 years old, and quickly wed his brothers widow. On her wrist, emblematic, is a small barrel. Joan, wife of Roger Swillington. "Pole, Margaret Plantagenet, Bl." Mores brilliance of mind and curious, kindly character gained him many friends and admirers. Margarets youngest son, Geoffrey, probably under threat of torture, denounced not only his own family but the Courtenay clan and other prominent members of the old families. The sons of Edward IV, 11 and 13 years old, had been held in the Tower by their uncle Richard III, and last been seen by Londoners in the summer of 1483. Ten years on, her situation was more difficult to negotiate. But no one could be sure they were dead, and not escaped abroad, or living under assumed names. After Henry VIII and then his son Edward VI had died, and Mary I was queen, with the intention to restore England to Roman authority, Reginald Pole was appointed papal legate to England by the Pope. Biography. This site requires the use of Javascript to provide the best possible experience. A painting in the National Portrait Gallery offers a grey-white face, long, guarded, medieval, remote: 'unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury'. Montagu, Exeter, and Margaret were arrested in November 1538. It was a housekeeping matter, the French ambassador said; Henry, now with his fifth wife, Katherine Howard, wanted to make a progress north, and to empty the Tower before he set off, either by acts of mercy or the condemnation of detainees. [2] His heir was his son Thomas. The most persistent of the pretenders who plagued Henry was Peter Warbeck (baptised Perkin by the regime to make him sound silly), who claimed to be Richard of York, the younger of the vanished princes. In theory, after she married, a womans personal property and real estate were at her husbands disposal. It is no exaggeration to state that its publication ensured More a stature that no other Englishman of his time enjoyed. He needed to convince the Spanish he was secure in his kingdom. Pole, niece of both Edward IV and Richard III, was the only woman apart from Anne Boleyn to hold a peerage in her own right during the . Please include name, address, and a telephone number. The trial of Sir Thomas More for treason opened in Westminster Hall on July 1, 1535. It seems Margaret was questioned about her contacts with Barton, but she came to no harm as a result and, unlike Gertrude, she escaped without grovelling. After she had redeemed her dead brothers lands from the crown, she owned property in Calais, and estates in Wales and 17 English counties. Two days later, a four-count indictment charging More with treason was presented to the commission. On 27th May, in 1541 Margaret Pole, niece of Richard III and Edward IV, was executed at the command of Henry VIII. The symbolism and importance of this decision cannot be underestimated. Fortunately for the old cardinal, he died before the king could kill him. No great European power was willing to commit men or money to this crusade, but their unwillingness was not apparent at the time. Tragedy throws her into poverty and rebellion against the new royal family, luck restores her to her place at court where she becomes the chief lady-in-waiting to Queen Katherine and watches the dominance of the Spanish queen over her husband, and her fall. However, things suddenly change in May 1541 when a decision was made to execute her. It was then discovered that More had written to John Fisher, the bishop of Rochester, who was also imprisoned in the Tower for not taking the oath. [26] She and her husband were parents to five children: Her son, Reginald Pole, said that he would "never fear to call himself the son of a martyr". Thick as thieves, More and the king continued to establish a close relationship, with More rising up in the ranks. Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots. Henry Tudor had the real Warwick in custody, and was able to produce him, so the rebellion came to nothing. His choice was Jane Colt, the eldest daughter of a gentleman farmer. She held a noble title in her own right, and controlled great wealth, after she was restored to favor during the reign of Henry VIII but she became embroiled in the religious controversy over his split with Rome and was executed on Henrys orders. After his death, and for centuries thereafter, Sir Thomas More was known as the most famous victim of Henry VIII's tyranny. These are not consistent; and ifas he claimed at one pointPole rejected the Divorce in 1526 and refused the Oath of Supremacy in 1531, he received benefits from Henry for a course of action for which others were sentenced to death. It is only in adversity that Margaret shows herself, in the records of her interrogations, when she was a woman in her sixties, experienced, shrewd, hard to frighten. 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