This warm current is also pushed westward by the cold Canary current. The use of deterrentsnoise or chili peppershas resulted in a dramatic reduction of conflicts and crop field destruction. The South African coastline is 3200 km from Oranjemund on the west coast to the Mozambique border at Ponta do Oura on the east coast. East Africa & Indian Ocean cruises. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. Author of. These city-states built connections to the rest of the world while maintaining cultural, political, and economic connections with each other. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Overfishing, coastal development, pollution, the unknown consequences of climate change, and more immediate effects of shark finning and manta ray poaching are some of the most threatening concerns. Such trade goods as they obtained from the interior were apparently bought by barter at the coast. [28] Some researchers have suggested that North Africa was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent. This article covers the history of the area from ancient times through the 20th century. Today they are still used across the Indian Ocean to carry merchandise such as fruits, water, or spices. Outside of protected areas, WWF supports joint antipoaching efforts, involving police, military and park service staff. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. The Indian Ocean has cast up a wealth of literature that merges fact and fiction, the most familiar to us being The Seven Voyages of Sindbad as passed down in the The Arabian Nights. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . Due to the historical Omani Empire and colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa, the term East Africa is often (especially in the English language) used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the three countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. WWF works with communities to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, and help them develop strategies to adapt and increase their resilience. Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. The region also comprises the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea, which are . The east coast of South Africa has a generally well-defined and narrow continental shelf area. They are solitary and derive their name from the beautiful colour and spots. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? However, the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of key ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s. For all its richness, the region also has some of the highest rates of people living below the poverty line on the planet. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. Generally the Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia and Australia/Oceania, and most of Europe. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. So vast that it's not known as the 'East Coast', the way the West Coast is known as the 'West Coast' - probably because the Eastern Cape makes up such a large portion of it, leading to confusion. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region.By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. Ancient Settlement The ancient peoples of what would become the Swahili Coast prospered thanks to agriculture and animal husbandry, aided by a regular annual rainfall and shallow coastal waters plentiful in seafood. Lamu is one of the oldest Swahili settlements in East Africa. collapse afer a 1500 year reign over the Southern Nile valley as a result of the migrating Noba, The immigration and Conquest of the Noba would culturally reshape the Sudanese nile valley and lead to the transition of the region into the 3 Nubian speaking Christian kingdoms afterwards, Makuria, Alodia (Also known as Alwa) and Nobatia as result of the Noba who likley spoke proto nubian.[43]. Just as there are major conservation issues for the animals on the continent of Africa such as poaching, habitat destruction, and other threats, there are many issues and concerns for the East African marine ecosystems and animals. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. WWF has also helped community fishing councils gain authority to combat illegal fishing in the reserve. There appears also to have been a rather extensive trade with the island of Madagascar. By 1300, like the inhabitants of neighbouring Mafia, they were living in Muslim towns, the rulers of which were Shites. The rare and protected tiger rockcod at Rocktail Bay, iSimangaliso Marine Park, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), The tiger rock cod is a rare saltwater fish species. [62][63] These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration.[64]. It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! You really can walk across the Red Sea at Sharm el-Sheik. Rhaptas main imports were metal weapons and iron toolssuggesting that iron smelting was not yet known. East Africa is the part of Africa around and east of the Great Rift Valley, a land feature stretching from the Red Sea in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the east, and the Mozambique Channel in the southeast. Chami, Felix A. 1. Among these languages are Kikuyu, Luhya, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda and many others. WWF, in partnership with CARE, has worked to train local rangers to patrol nesting sites along these islands and marine turtle poaching has decreased significantly. Overfishingfor local consumption and export to commercial marketsposes a major threat to the region. Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. East Africa Discover East Africa & the Indian Ocean Islands - Enjoy Breathtaking Scenery, Wonderful Plants & Trees, Countless Varieties of Birds & Abundant Wildlife East Africa is home to some of the continent's most famous sights, but also some of its least explored corners. Around 1,200 miles from the east coast of Africa, Mauritius is best known for its beautiful beaches, lagoons, reefs, and rainforests. [50], On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African Swahili City States. A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. We help them increase crop yield, improving livelihoods and offering alternatives to poaching. Corrections? [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. With 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population.Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the . The East Coast of South Africa is vast. . Today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. The water temperature right now is at least 32F and at most 85F. A healthy reef with an abundance of life in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), The life-sustaining benefits of rainforest to our planet is more commonly known than those provided by a healthy ocean, but in fact, the ocean contributes even more and I wanted to capture a photo conveying this message. WWF and 1986 Panda Symbol are owned by WWF. In March 1505, having received from Manuel I of Portugal the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India, he set sail from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (Kilwa), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. [37][38][39], In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 CT scans, of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to modern humans/H. Best Answer. Sadly, when it comes to the ocean, the out of sight out of mind way of thinking often applies. Fig. WWF supports the rangers who patrol protected areas in Tanzania and Mozambique. The Periplus describes in some detail the shore of what was to become northern Somalia. [72] In the video games Halo 2 and Halo 3, East Africa is one of the central locations for the campaigns.[73]. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [30][31] The recognition of Homo sapiens idaltu and Omo Kibish as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name Homo sapiens sapiens. In the Horn of Africa and Nile Valley, Afroasiatic languages predominate, including languages of the family's Cushitic (such as Beja, Oromo and Somali), Semitic (such as Amharic, Arabic and Tigrinya), and Omotic (such as Wolaytta) branches. The different types of mangroves that were planted can withstand longer periods of flooding. The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Eastern Africa, 16001800 A.D. Humanities LibreTexts - East Africa and the Horn of Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - East Africa, Ugandan lawmaker introduces new anti-LGBTQ legislation, French court to rule on TotalEnergies' east Africa projects, Jill Biden sees East Africa drought up close, seeks more aid, Kenya labor court rules that Facebook can be sued. By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 C (77 F) and minima of 15 C (59 F) at an altitude of 1,500 . Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when, after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, it became part of Italian East Africa. Born out of wedlock . Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics idaltu and kibish represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory. Source: British Library. The East African Rift valley, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden are clearly visible in this Landsat 8 image, taken on 8 November 2019. . The two currents do not "meet" anywhere along the south coast of Africa. Pop. 12. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. traverses the expanses of the Southern Ocean south of Africa, south of Australia, and the south Pacific. Madagascar is also considered to be the world's fourth-largest island which offers a plethora of unique collection of flora and fauna. This little piece of heaven is very popular for honeymoons and romantic breaks. The kingdom of kush was an empire situated in the Nile Valley from 1070 bc to 550 AD,The kingdom would ultimatly Though there is little evidence to suggest that its inhabitants had any buildings to begin with, wattle-and-daub dwellings appeared in due course, and by the 10th century short lengths of coral masonry wall were being built. 01 of 12 Mnemba Island, Tanzania TripSavvy / Christopher Larson Address andBeyond Mnemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania Phone +27 11 809 4300 Web Visit website Located off the north coast of Tanzania, Mnemba is a private Indian Ocean island and part of the historic Zanzibar Archipelago. Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. Because of offshore islands, better landing places, and wetter climate, Arab traders from about 700 seem to have preferred the East African coast to the south of modern Somalia. A close up of a giant sea clam in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), Giant sea clams typically occur on the east coast of Africa in clear water of less than 10 metres. The Indian Ocean, meanwhile, tempts travellers with the promise of idyllic islands set amongst calm turquoise waters, including Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives and the Seychelles. We measure sea temperature daily in 73 countries or regions, including: Azores, South Africa, England, Angola, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Benin, Bermuda and Brazil . Encyclopdia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra. For example, men from local villages are now employed as game scouts, patrolling for poachers over hundreds of miles, often on foot. Wildlife need corridors to move safely and easily between protected areas. Out here in the deep blue waters, the fin indeed belongs to a blue shark, swimming just below the surface. The Afar are found in both Eritrea and Djibouti. Italy gained control of various parts of Somalia in the 1880s. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". It is narrow, swift and strong. Author: George McCall Theal Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain The British Museum. We facilitate ranger training and provide equipment. Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in 19781979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. Atlantic Ocean, body of salt water covering approximately one-fifth of Earth's surface and separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of North and South America to the west. The major difference between conservation of the animals on the land and that of the sea is that 30 million people rely on the coastal reef ecosystems to subsist and sustain their livelihoods. Chili bombs, a mixture of dried elephant dung and hot chili, are placed in crop fields to keep elephants away because they do not like the smell of chili. Most of the peoples of Eritrea and Ethiopiaand some of those in Tanzania and Kenyaspeak languages belonging to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. East Africa's Coral Refuge is a critical source of food and livelihoods for people all across Kenya and Tanzania. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. WWF and partners have helped fishermen create a sustainable oyster harvesting system, resulting in increased profits and yield. "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." And four species of commercially important tunabigeye, albacore, yellowfin and skipjackare found here. It consists of 18 countries and 2 dependencies. The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century. Farmers are often killed while trying to defend their fields and elephants become the source of resentment and anger by the local communities. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. We also work towards MSC certification for the deep water shrimp fishery in Mozambique. Local merchants gathered ivory from the south, gold from the western interior and frankincense and myrrh from northern Africa. WWF seeks to halt the illegal logging in Mozambique and Tanzania that is destroying vital coastal forests. These resources must be managed sustainably to ensure their future. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. Lionel Casson. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. Coverage of the regions physical and human geography can be found in the article Africa. Along the coasts, you can find dugongs, whale sharks, dolphins, whales, and five species of marine turtles. Ibo Island, one of 27 small islands in the Quirimbas Archipelago. The trading ships made their way down the east coast of Africa stopping at towns to trade for African goods such as ivory, gold, myrrh to make a fine skin oil, animal skins, frankincense and ambergris used to make perfumes, and slaves. Lake Niassa is located in Mozambique and shares borders with Malawi and Tanzania. Experts say it is time . [71], There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms. Join us as we take a glimpse into the underwater world of our African oceans and seas through the eyes of photographers who submitted their photos into ourPhotographer of the Year2016, 2017 and 2018 competitions. However, the creation of clove plantations, intensification of the slave trade and relocation of the Omani capital to Zanzibar in 1839 by Seyyid Said had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region.[67]. This . It's more than 41 million square miles, the second . 293,654,000. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania. When we think "Africa," we think of the "Big Five"lions, elephants, leopards, buffalo and rhinosthat crisscross the African Savannah. June 25, 2020. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. No settlements from this period have been found. WWF continues to support law enforcement and promote awareness of illegal wildlife trade. The coastline of South Africa, stretching 1,740 miles (2,800 kilometers) From Mozambique to Namibia, is presided over by two great oceanic systems: a powerful current on one side of the continent . This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600mm (63in) on the western slopes to around 1,250mm (49in) at Addis Ababa and 550mm (22in) at Asmara. [74] In Ethiopia, there is an estimated population of 102million as of 2016.[75]. Further information in the sections of Architecture of Africa: Further information in the sections of History of science and technology in Africa: Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries were riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. Lucas Jackson/Reuters Elsewhere in the US, the West Coast is getting hit by huge storms coming from the goofy jet stream . Just off the coast of Kenya, it's a peaceful island, free of cars and surrounded by the Indian Ocean. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." The amount of water being transported by the Agulhas . Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin. Location: Africa Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique by sea. Africa borders on both the North and South Atlantic, from roughly the location of Cape Town to Gibraltar. Wildlife crime networks are using more sophisticated weapons and techniques to obtain ivory, such as automatic rifles and helicopters. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. Credit: DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00809-x. Because exploitation of turtles is often driven by a lack of economic choices, WWF works to develop alternative livelihoods so that local people are no longer dependent on turtle products for income. The school of fish represents the ozone, and the reef below is Earth. The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. WWF strives to ensure that local people benefit from economic opportunities that come with new tourism enterprises. A senior U.S. Navy officer says that his service no longer considers the East Coast of the United States as an "uncontested" area or an automatic "safe haven" for its ships and submarines. 1969. People here depend on the regions natural resourcesclean freshwater, healthy forests and mangroves, and abundant fish and wildlife. Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "big five": the elephant, buffalo, lion, black rhinoceros,[21] and leopard, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino and elephant. Some fishing practices are causing unacceptable amounts of bycatchthreatening shark, marine turtles and seabird populations. The situation is exacerbated by large-scale illegal logging, which is often exported to international markets. Madagascar is by far the biggest, and a continent on its own when it comes to wildlife. Indo-European languages, such as English, French and Portuguese, remain important in higher institutions in some parts of the larger region. Off the coast of East Africa is the Indian Ocean. Click the image for a larger view. This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and the Brazilian Nordeste. At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,202ft), frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21C (70F) or less. Azania Vol. 1. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500mm (98in). In fact, on the coast of Somalia, many years can go by without any rain whatsoever. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. Eastern Africa is populated by 160 different ethnic groups or more, depending on the method of counting. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching India, which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The largest numbers of Nilo-Saharan speakers belong to the Luo, Lango, Kalenjin, Maasai, and Karimojong peoples, while the principal Bantu-speaking ethnic groups are the Kikuyu, Chaga, and Kamba. To the west, Africa has its longest coastline with the Atlantic Ocean. WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. Please click on this logo for more information. 2002. Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. 110. 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