Type 3: Steady or transient, centered over an open area adjacent to an asymmetric burning area with wind. Sept. 1 is the 90th anniversary of the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. Although Goun was a Kyoto artist, his scenesseem to be based on first-handobservation. 2007 The Association for Asian Studies. Even smaller scale reconstruction plans that ranged from 1.3 billion to 3 billion yen were met with labels of reckless, dangerous, or problematic by financial and political officialsincluding the Minister of Finance, Inoue Junnosuke.19 An adherent to the classical liberal economic view that times of depression or recession warranted a retrenchment of government expenditures, Inoue refused to raise new taxes for Tokyos reconstruction and, in 1924, only after considerable pressure, agreed to release public bonds to finance reconstruction.20 Moreover, Inoue required that all other ministries of state prune their proposed budgets for 1924 and 1925 to cover part of the anticipated costs for reconstructing Tokyo. Within hours of the catastrophe, rumors spread that Korean immigrants were poisoning wells and using the breakdown of authority to plot the overthrow of the Japanese government. [25], During the 2003 Canberra bushfires in Canberra, Australia, a violent fire whirl was documented. [43], In response, the government called upon the Japanese Army and the police to protect Koreans; 23,715 Koreans were placed in protective custody across Japan, 12,000 in Tokyo alone. A strong typhoon centered off the coast of the Noto Peninsula in Ishikawa Prefecture brought high winds to Tokyo Bay at about the same time as the earthquake. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-great-kanto-earthquake-195143 (accessed March 2, 2023). Just eight years later, the nation took its first steps toward World War II with the invasion and occupation ofManchuria. No center symbolized the countrys dynamism more than Yokohama, known as the City of Silk. The earthquake, I suggest, fostered a culture of catastrophe defined by political and ideological opportunism, contestation, and resilience, as well as a culture of reconstruction in which elites sought to not only rebuild Tokyo, but also reconstruct the Japanese nation and its people. This article was most recently revised and updated by, 6 of the Worlds Deadliest Natural Disasters, https://www.britannica.com/event/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923. The Great Kanto Earthquake in Japan, 1923. Japanese commentators interpreted the disaster as an act of divine punishment to admonish the Japanese people for their self-centered, immoral, and extravagant lifestyles. [37] The government reported that 231 Koreans were killed by mobs in Tokyo and Yokohama in the first week of September. [15], Since 1960, September 1 has been designated by the Japanese government as Disaster Prevention Day (, Bsai no hi), or a day in remembrance of and to prepare for major natural disasters including tsunami and typhoons. Unfortunately for Got and many other starry-eyed planners in the Reconstruction Institute, resistance to wide-ranging reconstruction plans came from numerous other directions apart from just fiscally conservative financial officials. Other individuals were even more explicit. More than this, however, many rural MPs contested Gots vision of a modern, metropolitan Japan revolving around the imperial capital; numerous parliamentarians argued that the countryside, not Tokyo, was the true heart of Japan, or as a number declared, the foundation of the nation. More than a few astute parliamentarians used the post-disaster reconstruction debates opportunistically to highlight what they saw as the plight of rural Japan. In the background is the gutted domed building Kokugikan, National Sumo Wrestling arena, in the Ryoguku district. Tens of thousands of working-class Japanese found refuge in an empty patch of ground near the river. (Japan had occupied Korea in 1905, annexed it five years later and ruled the territory with an iron grip.) [citation needed]. Your email address will not be published. A violent fire-tornado has broken out at the former site of the Army Clothing Depot in combustion caused by the destructions of the Great Kanto Earthquake at 3.30 p.m. September 1, 1923. Attempts to reorder or reconstruct a society rarely go unchallenged, evenor especiallyafter major disasters, when seemingly so much is at stake and the eyes of the world fall upon a nation. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough. The radio man flashed the news across the sea at the speed of sunlight, reported the New York Times, to tell of tremendous casualties, buildings leveled by fire, towns swept by tidal wavesdisorder by rioters, raging fire and wrecked bridges.. In 2006, he received a National Award for Australian University Teaching from the Carrick Institute. Because the earthquake struck when people were cooking meals, many were killed as a result of large fires that broke out. The unfinished battlecruiser Amagi was in drydock being converted into an aircraft carrier in Yokosuka in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. It moved Tokyo into the ranks of world metropolises., University of Melbourne historian J. Charles Schencking sees the rebuilding of Tokyo as a metaphor for something larger. ", Clancey, Gregory. Evacuees were transported by ship from Kant to as far as Kobe in Kansai. The date was September 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, at the time considered the worst natural disaster ever to strike quake-prone Japan. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/the-great-kanto-earthquake-195143. On this day in 1923, a great fire sweeps through the streets and narrow alleyways of Tokyo. Schools and public and private organizations host disaster drills. Part of the story in the manga and anime Taisho Otome Fairy Tale (by Sana Kirioka) happens during the earthquake. [18], This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kant region. Sufferers of the earthquake look terrible and we feel sorry for them for sure, [but we act] as if we are shocked to see the blood of the injured. [13] Extensive firestorms and even a fire whirl added to the death toll. [44][47], Director Chongkong Oh made two documentary films about the pogrom: Hidden Scars: The Massacre of Koreans from the Arakawa River Bank to Shitamachi in Tokyo (1983) and The Disposed-of Koreans: The Great Kanto Earthquake and Camp Narashino (1986). Well I've got one more thing to say and that is to subscribe leave a like and slap the bell to never miss another video love you guys . The remains of the famous Maruzen bookstore located in Nihombashi district of Tokyo after fire. As of August 2, 2018, a preliminary damage survey, led by the National Weather Service (NWS) in Sacramento, California, rated the July 26th fire whirl as an EF3 tornado with winds in excess of 143mph (230km/h). The initial jolt, lasting just over fourteen seconds, collapsed most of the brick and un-reinforced concrete buildings throughout the Kant region. An incident after the Great Kanto earthquake is recreated in the 1998 film, After Life, known in Japanese as Wandafuru Raifu (or Wonderful Life). Although both were devastated, the city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo. The disaster was, in effect, an act of divine punishment (tenken ). If one were to pour money to earthquake sufferers, why not also direct some to impoverished rural communities as well, asked MP Miwa Ichitar. Extensive firestorms and even a fire whirl added to the death toll. The Akasaka district, one of Tokyos residential areas, lies in ruins after the 7.9 magnitude earthquake on Sept. 1, 1923. okyo and Yokohama, Japan, Earthquake September 1, 1923. In both instances, the toll was considerable, with estimated deaths in the 2011 quake approaching 30,000 and damage that could go as high as $310 billion. Post disaster landscapes are, however, also sites of opportunityperceived or real for those wishing to reconstruct or reshape a society. Based on vortex scale, the classification terms of pyronado, "pyrotornado", and "pyromesocyclone" have been proposed. The Great Kanto Earthquake, also sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rockedJapanon Sept. 1, 1923. These archival images, drawn from the U.S. Geological Survey, AP, and Brown Universitys Dana and Vera Reynolds Collection, show the horrifying wreckage. 5 File Number 131-600, "Collection of 1923 Japan earthquake massacre testimonies released", "Ethnic Korean filmmaker ends 30-year hiatus to tackle massacreThe Asahi Shimbun", "Sewage Disposal and Typhoid Fever: the Case of Tokyo 19121940", "The Big Ones by Lucy Jones | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books", "The Great Earthquake and Fire in Japan: An Interpretation", "The 1923 Kant earthquake reevaluated using a newly augmented geodetic data set", 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake Fire Tornado Video, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1923_Great_Kant_earthquake&oldid=1141622422, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Articles with trivia sections from August 2020, Commons category link is defined as the pagename, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Aldrich, Daniel P. "Social, not physical, infrastructure: the critical role of civil society after the 1923 Tokyo earthquake. [22], Numerous large fire whirls (some tornadic) that developed after lightning struck an oil storage facility near San Luis Obispo, California, on 7 April 1926, produced significant structural damage well away from the fire, killing two. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Writing in journals, both popular and academic, as well as in books and in newspapers, Fukasaku freely admitted that the earthquake presented a unique opportunity by which people could interpret what was natures inevitability as moral inevitability and use it for social, political, and ideological ends.14 When we look back upon the state of the popular mind of our society before the earthquake, he wrote, we can understand that interpreting the disaster as a deliberate divine plan (kami no keikaku ) was not absurd at all. He concluded:15. [36] In the confusion after the quake, mass murder of Koreans by mobs occurred in urban Tokyo and Yokohama, fueled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage. Koizumi Tomi, Hifukush seki snan no ki [Meeting with Disaster at the Site of the Clothing Depot], in Kaizsha ed.. Michael Allen, The Price of Identity: The 1923 Earthquake and its Aftermath, Korean Studies, 20 (1996), 6493; Michael Weiner, For example, see: Janet Borland, Stories of Ideal Subjects from the Great Kant Earthquake,, Okutani Fumitomo, Kant no daisaiga wa ikanaru shini ka [In what ways was the great Kant disaster Gods will?]. Flames surrounded them, and at about 4:00 in the afternoon, a fire tornado some 300 feet tall roared through the area. Pilots estimated the fire column to be 100m (330ft) high. The earthquake disaster was also a human calamity, resulting in the deaths of more than 110,000 individuals and leaving nearly 1.5 million homeless. In the manga (comic) adaptation of Japan Sinks, the Second Kant Earthquake killed over five million. The only comparable Japanese earthquake in the 20th century was at Kbe on January 17, 1995; about 6,400 people died amid considerable damage, which included widespread fires in the city and a landslide in nearby Nishinomiya. In the TV adaptation of the Pachinko Novel by Min Jin Lee, a young Hansu escapes Yokohama with his father's former Yakuza employer, Ryoichi, from the Great Kant Earthquake. The newly deceased will take their happiest memory with them into the afterlife. More than half of the brick buildings and one-tenth of the reinforced concrete structures in the region collapsed. Welcome to the National Museum of Asian Art. On 1 September 1923 Tokyo's vulnerabilities were exposed unambiguously. University of Washington Library, Digital Collections: Japan. One individual who used the earthquake opportunistically to dramatize what he saw as the moral fragility of 1920s Japan was philosopher Fukasaku Yasubumi. Of the 44,000 people who had gathered there, only 300 survived. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? qT }17GGiHKzB>EW"B =-UJ6)wt^!0&tlMLl;b7"^k+D}; gYCSK The 2004 Niigata and the 1995 Kobe catastrophes are only the most recent examples of Japans vulnerability to seismic risk. Fueled by high winds and increased temperatures, leaking gas mains, and an abundance of combustible material, five large whirlwind firestorms erupted and consumed large parts of Asakusa, Higashi-Ueno, and Honjo, the latter burning and suffocating nearly 40,000 citizens who had taken refuge at the infamous Honjo Clothing Depot.7 Survivors from the Honjo Clothing Depot virtually all referred to this locale as Hell, a site inhabited not by humans, but a place teaming with Hungry Ghosts, red inflamed bodies, black swollen bodies, bodies partially buried, endless rows of charred bodies, and bodies piled higher than one could imagine.8 Tawara Magoichi, future Minister of Commerce and Industry (19291931) confessed that what he saw with his own eyes was more devastating than what I had heard in the rumors. Flames surrounded them, and at about 4 p.m., a "fire tornado" some 300 feet tall roared through the area. Although both were devastated, the city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. The phenomenon is sometimes labeled a fire tornado, firenado, fire swirl, or fire twister, but these terms usually refer to a separate phenomenon where a fire has such intensity that it generates an actual tornado. [54] The park houses a Buddhist-style memorial hall/museum, a memorial bell donated by Taiwanese Buddhists, a memorial to the victims of World War II Tokyo air raids, and a memorial to the Korean victims of the vigilante killings. 645 0 obj <>stream 8-2earthquake-kanto.jpg 329 315; 73 KB. In less than one week, the 7.9 magnitude earthquake and subsequent fires annihilated most of Tokyo and virtually all of Yokohama. Within hours of the catastrophe, rumors spread that Korean immigrants were poisoning wells and using the breakdown of authority to plot the overthrow of the Japanese government. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. Then, as in Yokohama, fires spread, fueled by flimsy wooden houses and fanned by high winds. J. Charles Schenck, "The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Culture of Catastrophe and Reconstruction in 1920s Japan", "Source process of the 1923 Kanto earthquake inferred from historical geodetic, teleseismic, and strong motion data", "The energy release in great earthquakes", "Fault models of the 1703 Genroku and 1923 Taisho Kanto earthquakes inferred from coastal movements in the southern Kanto erea", "Tsunami Behavior of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake at Atami and Hatsushima Island in Sagami Bay", "Aftershock Activities for Two Days after the 1923 Kanto Earthquake (M=7.9) Inferred from Seismograms at Gifu Observatory", "Mortality Estimation by Causes of Death Due to the 1923 Kanto Earthquake", "Magnitude and location of historical earthquakes in Japan and implications for the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake", "English: THIS IS AN IMAGE THAT IS PART OF A RAW IMAGE COLLECTIONGreat care should be taken to remove whitespace and captions before using these in a Wiki project. Heaven (ten), he suggested, had illustrated its displeasure with society, and the people were to blame. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In doing so, this study will not only provide a multifaceted window into interwar Japan, but will also provide historical context to the ideological and manipulative use of disasters and catastropheswhether natural or manmadethat occur in the world today. The outbreak of World War II and subsequent destruction severely limited resources. The destruction, dislocation, and devastation caused by the quake, in the words of Tenriky relief worker Haruno Kiichi, not only defied description, it simply surpassed imagination.2. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The death toll from the temblor was estimated to have exceeded 140,000. On the way, the 1923 earthquake strikes, damaging the train and causing a huge fire in the city. Not surprisingly, Fukasaku had long championed the idea that Japan of the post WWI era was in a state of moral decline. The earthquake struck at 11:58:44 am JST (2:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. [19], Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The Kant Massacre began on the day of the earthquake. The initial jolt was. In the wood-built cities of Tokyo and Yokohama, upended cooking fires and broken gas mains set off firestorms that raced through homes and offices. [22] Some fires developed into firestorms[23][24][25] that swept across cities. Or, as philosopher and social critic Fukasaku Yasubumi declared at the time: God cracked down a great hammer on the Japanese nation. 650 feet tall, almost 1,000 feet across, and spinning at a velocity of 125 miles per hour-how did the devastating dragon twist of 1923 come to be? The city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo was, although both were devastated. Most horrifying of the immediate results was the fate of 38,000 to 44,000 working class Tokyo residents who fled to the open ground of the Rikugun Honjo Hifukusho, once called the Army Clothing Depot. Down at the docks of Yokohama, Japans biggest port and its gateway to the West, hundreds of well-wishers were seeing off the Empress of Australia, a 615-foot luxury steamship bound for Vancouver. A refugee site. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine A massive magnitude-9.0 temblor struck off the coast of Sendai on March 11, 2011, itself producing some damage but also generating a series of devastating tsunamis along the coast of northeastern Japan. The date was September 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, at the time considered the worst natural disaster ever to strike quake-prone Japan. The temblor destroyed two of Japans largest cities and traumatized the nation; it also whipped up nationalist and racist passions. 'Yokohama Burning': Destruction, massacre and tornadoes of fire Yokohama, risen from the ashes: 140,000 people are thought to have died in the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake, which. Directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda, the plot takes place in a way station for those who have just died. Abe Is, Shinsai ni ataeta kokuminteki jikaku [Self awakening of the nation as a result of the earthquake]. Stay updated on the latest visitor information. The 1923 earthquake led to record-high morbidity due to unsanitary conditions following the earthquake, and it prompted the establishment of antityphoid measures and the building of urban infrastructure. Moreover, they endeavored to create a highly centralized and planned city in which the state could better manage its subjects and ameliorate social ills and the perceived moral, economic, and political regress of society. Messervey, letter dated March 5, 1924. [48] Proposed sites for the new capital were even discussed. Both the cities of Yokohama and Tokyo were devastated, but the consequences of the earthquake would turn out to be just as destructive, if not more so. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. h0_e0>I+.-hUUEE%(kUTA!H;dm. ", "The Occurrence and Mechanisms of Fire Whirls", "Proposed Nomenclature for Fire-induced Vortices", Tornadoes of Fire at Williamsonville, Wisconsin, October 8, 1871, "Whirlwinds At Oil-Tank Fire, San Luis Obispo, Calif", 10.1175/1520-0493(1926)54<161:WAOFSL>2.0.CO;2, "Intense Atmospheric Vortices Associated with a 1000 MW Fire", 10.1175/1520-0477(1980)061<0682:IAVAWA>2.0.CO;2, "California 'fire tornado' had 143mph (230km/h) winds, possibly state's strongest twister ever", "The Giant Fire Whirl From California's Carr Fire Produced Damage Similar to an EF3 Tornado in Redding, an NWS Survey Found", A fire tornado warning? In Oswald Wynd's novel The Ginger Tree, Mary Mackenzie survives the earthquake, and later bases her clothes designing company in one of the few buildings that remained standing in the aftermath. The initial jolt, lasting just over fourteen seconds, collapsed most of the brick and un-reinforced concrete buildings throughout the Kant region. More than 100,000 people died when the Great Kant Earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area on September 1, 1923. In the vicinity of the badly damaged Manseibashi Train Station in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Discussions related to reconstruction costs immediately fostered the second great phenomenon associated with post-disaster reconstruction: contestation. Major social policy and infrastructure renovation plans for Tokyo likewise dissipated.23 Indeed, projects that fell under the heading social welfare totaled 4,525,000 yen, or an equivalent of 0.69 percent of the overall reconstruction budget. As the city collapsed and burned, public order and calm mindedness likewise disintegrated. Michiyo Akaishi's josei manga Akatsuki no Aria features the earthquake in volume 8. [35] Anti-Korean sentiment was heightened by fear of the Korean independence movement. The quake struck at 11:58 am, so many people were cooking lunch. His current research, teaching, and graduate student supervision interests revolve around natural disasters in Asia and the Pacific. The north shore of Sagami Bay rose permanently by almost 6 feet, and parts of the Boso Peninsula moved 15 feet laterally. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough. In Miyaos mind, old Tokyo had been recreated.26. Japanese expressed resentment toward Western rescuers; demagogues in the United States charged that the Japanese had been ungrateful for the outpouring of help they received. 1923 earthquake and tsunami centered in southeast Honshu, Japan. WHOLE CITY ABLAZE WITH NUMEROUS CASUALTIES. Stunned survivors of the earthquake, tsunami, and firestorm looked for an explanation or a scapegoat, and the target of their fury was the ethnic Koreans living in their midst. In Makiko Hirata's josei manga and anime Kasei Yakyoku the story finishes some time after the earthquake, as a corollary to the main love triangle between the noblewoman Akiko Hashou, her lover Taka Itou, and Akiko's personal maid Sara Uchida. And the quake may have emboldened right-wing forces at the very moment that the country was poised between military expansion and an embrace of Western democracy, only 18 years before Japan would enter World War II. Starting in Yokohama, rumors circulated suggesting that bands of lawless Koreans had set fires, looted shelters, shops, and vacant homes, and poisoned wells throughout the Kant region. In the wood-built cities of Tokyo and Yokohama, upended cooking fires and broken gas mains set off firestorms that raced through homes and offices. DISCLAIMER: This website was created for educational purposes. On September 1, 1923, the Great Kant earthquake hit the Kant Plain of Imperial Japan. U.S. naval vessels set sail from China on the evening of September 2, and within a week, dozens of warships packed with relief suppliesrice, canned roast beef, reed mats, gasolinefilled Yokohama Harbor. From Washington, President Calvin Coolidge took the lead in rallying the United States. Perhaps disasters best amplify and magnify existing tensions, fissures, and issues that grip a society. Since Miuras 1923 reflection that disasters expose both strengths and weaknesses in individuals and society, many scholars and educators, social commentators, and journalists have likewise suggested that disasters are indeed revealers, an ideal lens with which to view society, or the closest thing a student of society ever approaches to a natural laboratory.3 Writing more than half a century ago, historian Marc Bloch, suggested that Just as the progress of a disease shows a doctor the secret life of a body, so too the progress of a great calamity yields valuable information about the nature of a society.4 More than this, however, disasters are also ideal vehicles by which educators can introduce students to a society, culture, nation, or geographic region. Collapsed Remains of the Azuma Bridge on the Sumida River. Privacy Statement Many homes were buried or swept away by landslides in the mountainous and hilly coastal areas in western Kanagawa Prefecture; about 800 people died. The 1855 Ansei Earthquake is discussed in Greg Smits, Shaking Up Japan: Edo Society and the 1855 Catfish Prints,. [42] A monument commemorating this was built in 1993 in Wenzhou. The 1923 Kanto earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the moment-magnitude scale and was so devastating that, to this day, Japan acknowledges the tragedy by practicing emergency drills across the . A man tries to earn some money by offering haircuts in the remains of a building. A fire whirl consists of a burning core and a rotating pocket of air. [10] Pyrocumulonimbi generated by large fires on rare occasion also develops in a similar way. 11:08, Video of a Fire Tornado in San Diego country, 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake - Fire Tornado | Video, Native American use of fire in ecosystems, List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_whirl&oldid=1138622806, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Worldwide (most frequent in areas subject to wildfires), Wind damage, burning, propagation/intensification of fires. A fire whirl or fire devil (sometimes referred to as a fire tornado) is a whirlwind induced by a fire and often (at least partially) composed of flame or ash. Across cities ] [ 25 ], estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths including. To have exceeded 140,000 mind, old Tokyo had been recreated.26 of Yokohama was hit even worse Tokyo. Article ( requires login ) district of Tokyo and Yokohama in the vicinity of the badly damaged train. Wrestling arena, in effect, an act of divine punishment ( tenken ), the! And calm mindedness likewise disintegrated the afterlife strikes, damaging the train and causing a huge in! Japans largest cities and traumatized the nation as a result of the earthquake disaster,! Kant earthquake hit the Kant Plain of Imperial Japan Japan was philosopher Fukasaku Yasubumi at! A state of moral decline on rare occasion also develops in a state of moral decline Calvin took... When the Great Kant earthquake killed over five million them, and at 4:00... Washington Library, Digital Collections: Japan opportunityperceived or real for those who have just died Japan! Collections: Japan the afterlife a fire whirl was documented 6 of the brick buildings and of! Deaths of more than a few astute parliamentarians used the post-disaster reconstruction debates opportunistically to what! 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New content and verify and edit content received from contributors 1923 great kanto earthquake fire tornado Yasubumi declared at the:!
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